(a)The table below gives the volume/pressure data for a particular sample of a gas-at a given temperature.

(i) Deduce a mathematical relationship between volume (V) and pressure (P).

(ii) Name law that can be deduced from the data.

(iii) Calculate the pressure of the gas when the volume is 3.20 dm\(^3\)

(b)(i) What is the role of a salt bridge in an electrochemical cell?

(ii) What type of ions must flow into the cathode? Give a reason for your answer.

(iii)A standard galvanic cell constructed with Ag\(^+_{(aq)}\) Ag\(_{(s)}\) and Zn\(^{2+}_{(aq)}\) couple is discharged until 3.3 g of Ag forms.

I. Write the overall cell reaction and standard cell potential?

II. How many moles of electrons flowed through the circuit during the discharge?

III. How many coulombs of charges flowed through the circuit?

Ag\(^+_{(aq)}\) + e\(^-\) \(\rightleftharpoons\) Ag\(_{(s)}\); E° = + 0.80V

Zn\(^{2+}_{(aq)}\) + 2\(^-\)  \(\rightleftharpoons\) Zn\(_{(s)}\), E° = – 0.76 V [Ag = 108]

(c)(i) Define each of the following terms: I. Activation energy; II. Exothermic reaction.

(ii) Give one example of an endothermic process.

(iii) What is the significance of activated complex in a chemical reaction?

The following table gives the atomic numbers of elements V, W, X, Y and Z.

(a)Which of the elements: (i) belong(s) to group 1?

(ii) is/are riotle gas(es)?

(iii) form(s) coloured compound(s)?

(iv) form(s) an anion?

(v) react(s) with water to liberate hydrogen?

(vi) react(s) with water to form alkaline solution?

(b) What is the:

(i) charge on the ion formed in

(a)(iv) above?

(ii) group of the element(s) in (a)(i) above?

(c)(i) Write the formula of the compound formed between element V and element W.

(ii) Sate the type of bond formed in (c)(i) above. Explain your answer.

(d)(i) What is a covalent compound?

(ii) Give two factors that influence covalent bonding.

(iii) State the type of bond that exists in each of the following substances: MgO, NH\(_3\) and Fe.

(iv) What are intermolecular forces?

(a)Define the term solubility.

(b) The table below gives the solubility of salt Z at various mperatures

(i) Plot a graph of solubility against temperature.

(ii) From the graph determine the solubility of salt Z at 35°C.

(iii) If 100cm\(^{-3}\) of the saturated solution is cooled from 55°C to 35°C, calculate the mass of salt Z that would crystallize out. [Molar mass of salt Z = 100 g]

(c)(i) Write a balanced equation to illustrate the reaction of AI\(_2\)O\(_3\) with dilute I. HCI; II. NaOH.

(ii) What is the name given to an oxide that exhibits both acidic and basic properties?

(iii) Give one metallic oxide which exhibite these properties.

(d)(i) Determine the oxidation number of: I. Al in [Al (H\(_2\)O)\(_6\)]\(^{3+}\); II. H in NaH.

(ii) Give the IUPAC name of each of the following substances; I. CuSO\(_4\).5H\(_2\)O; II. CaCO\(_3\); Ill. KMnO\(_4\).

(a)(i) What is a functional group?

(ii) State the functional group in each of the following compounds: I. CH\(_3\)CH\(_2\)CH(CH\(_3\))OH; II. CH\(_3\)CH\(_2\)CH\(_2\)COOH.

(b)(i) Complete the following equations:

(ii) Draw the structure(s) of the product(s) formed in (b)(i) above.

(c)(i).Write an equation for the prepzration of butan-2-ol from butene.

(d) (i) Give the reagents required for the following conversions to take place: I. CH\(_2\) = CH\(_2\) to CH\(_3\)CH\(_2\)OH; II. CH\(_3\)CH\(_2\)OH to CH\(_3\)COOH; Ill. CH\(_3\)COOH to CH\(_3\)COOCH\(_2\)CH\(_3\).

(e) Consider the following organic structure; CH\(_3\)OHCHCH = CHCOOH

(i) State what would be observed when the organic compound is treated with each of the following reagents: I. cold NaHCO\(_{3(aq)}\); II. hot solution of I\(_2\) in NaOH\(_{(aq)}\); Ill. bromine water.

(a) A compound X reacts with excess HNO\(_{3(aq)}\) to give carbon (IV) oxide and another compound Y. A solution of Y reacts with NaOH\(_{(aq)}\) to form a white precipitate which is insoluble in excess NaOH\(_{(aq)}\). Identify X and Y.

(b) (i) Write a balanced equation to illustrate the reducing property of ammonia in its reaction with CuO.

(ii) Explain why it is not advisable to heat ammonium dioxonitrate (III) directly.

(iii) Give two uses nitrogen.

(c) Give the reason why (i) dilute H\(_{2}\)SO\(_{4}\) is not suitable for the preparation of CO\(_{2(g)}\) from CaCO\(_{3(s)}\) (ii) concentrated H\(_{2}\)SO\(_{4}\) cannot be used to dry ammonia gas.

(d) State two: (i) physical properties; (ii) chemical properties of metals.

(e) What is the oxidation number of: (i) chlorine in I. Cl\(_{2}\). II. ClO\(_{-(3)}\)

(ii) vanadium in V\(_{2}\)O\(_{5}\)

(f)(i) Explain the term half-life. (ii) Two radioactive elements, P and Q have half-life of 1200 seconds and 3600 seconds respectively.

I. Which of the elements is more stable? II. Give a reason for your answer.