Using the diagram above as a guide, carry out the following instructions.

1. Place the meter rule provided on the knife edge and adjust the position until it balances horizontally.
2. Read and record the balance point, G. Keep the knife edge at this point throughout the experiment.
3. Suspend a mass Q= 50.0g at a point P 30cm from the 0cm end of the rule.
4. On the other side of G, suspend the mass M =30g. Adjust its position until the rule settles down horizontally as shown in the diagram above.
5. Read and record the position R of M.
6. Record the distance, d, between G and R. Also read and record the distance, a, between P and G.
7.  Repeat the procedure for four other values of M = 40, 50, 60, and 70 with Q kept in the same position. Evaluate d\(^{-1}\) in each case. Tabulate your readings.
8. Plot a graph of M on the vertical axis against d\(^{-1}\) on the horizontal axis.
9. Determine the slope,s, of the graph.
10. Evaluate k = \(\frac{s}{Q}\)
11. State two precautions taken to ensure accurate results.

(b)i. Explain the moment of a force about a point

ii. State the conditions necessary for a body to be in equilibrium when acted upon by a number of parallel end forces

1. Determine and record the approximate focal length f\(_{o}\) of the concave mirror provided.
2. Arrange the ray box, the mirror, and the screen as shown in the diagram above.
3. Adjust the ray box to a distance b = 20.0cm from the mirror.
4. Adjust the position of the screen until a sharp image of the cross wire of the ray box is formed on it.
5. Measure and record the distance, a, of the screen from the mirror. Evaluate \(\frac{a}{a}\) =1.
6. Repeat the procedure for four other values of b = 25.0, 30.0, 35.0, and 40.0cm. Tabulate your readings.
7. Plot a graph of l on the vertical axis against a on the horizontal axis.
8. Determine the slope,.s, of the graph. Evaluate S\(^{-1}\).
9. State two precautions taken to ensure accurate results.

(b)i. An object is placed at a distance of 10cm in front of a concave mirror of focal length of 15cm. Determine the characteristics of the image formed.

ii. Briefly describe how you obtained f\(_{o}\) in (a)i) above.

1. Measure and record the emf, V\(_{o}\) of the cell provided.
2. Connect a circuit as shown in the diagram above.
3. With the key, K closed vary the rheostat, Rh to obtain a current 1 = 0.20A. Read and record the corresponding value of the potential difference, V on the voltmeter.
4. Evaluate 1\(^{-1}\) and V\(^{-1}\).
5. Repeat the procedure for four other values of l = 0.25, 0.30, 0.35 and 0.40 A. Tabulate your readings.
6. Plot a graph V\(^{-1}\) on the vertical axis against 1\(^{-1}\) on the horizontal axis.
7. Determine the slope, s, of the graph
8. Evaluate s\(^{-1}\).
9. State two precautions taken to ensure accurate results.

 (b)i. Explain Ohmic conductor:

ii. Explain resistivity of the material of a wire.

You are provided with a metre rule, a knife edge, two pieces of thread and two masses m\(_{1}\) and m\(_{2}\)

1. Record the values of m\(_{1}\) and m\(_{2}\).
2. Balance the metre rule horizontally on the knife edge and record the balance point G.
3. With the knife edge at the 60 cm mark of the metre rule, suspend m\(_{1}\) at the 20 cm mark and m\(_{2}\) at a suitable mark such that the rule balances horizontally as illustrated in the diagram above.
4. Record the positions Y of m\(_{1}\) and Q of m\(_{2}\). 
5. Evaluate 1= P - Y and d = Q - P
6. Repeat the procedure for four other positions of m, at 18, 16, 14 and 12 cm marks.
7. In each case, evaluate and record l and d.
8. Tabulate your readings.
9. Plot a graph of l on the vertical axis against d on the horizontal axis.
10. Determine the slope of the graph.
11. State two precautions taken to ensure accurate results.

(b}i. With the aid of a diagram, indicate the forces acting on the metre rule in the experimental set-up above.

ii. Define moment of a force about a point and state its S.1. unit.

Using the diagram above as a guide, carry out the following instructions:

1. Fix. the drawing paper provided on the drawing board
2. Place the mirror vertically with its longer side resting on the drawing paper. Trace the outline AB of the mirror. Remove the mirror.
3. Draw a normal PQ to meet the outline at the middle Q.
4. Draw a straight line through A to meet the outline of the mirror at the right angle.
5. Trace the incident ray, Q with pins P\(_{1}\) and P\(_{2}\) so that it meets the perpendicular line through A at C such that CA=X= 1.0m.
6. Replace the mirror on its outline. Locate the images of P\(_{1}\)P\(_{2}\) through the mirror using two other pins P\(_{3}\) and P\(_{4}\) so that P\(_{3}\) and P\(_{4}\) and the images of P\(_{1}\) and P\(_{2}\) are in a straight line.
7. Remove the mirror and pins P\(_{3}\) and P\(_{4}\).
   Draw a straight line through the pin points to meet AB at Q and CA produced at D.
8. Measure and record angle ACQ as è\(_{1}\), and angle ADCQ as è\(_{2}\). Also, record the value of x. Evaluate è = (è\(_{1}\) + è\(_{2}\)), x\(^{-1}\) and tan è.
9. Repeat the procedure for four other values of x = 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 and 5.0cm. Tabulate your readings.
10. Plot a graph of tan è on the vertical axis against x on the horizontal axis.
11. Determine the slope, s, of the graph. Evaluate k = 2s
12. State two precautions taken to ensure accurate results. Attach your traces to your answer booklet.

(b)i. Distinguish between regular and diffused reflections.

ii. An object is situated 25cm in front of a plane mirror. Determine the distance of the image from the object. What is the size of the image relative to the object?