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The passage below has gaps. Following each gap, four options are provided. Choose the most appropriate option for each gap.

One way in which we come to see monolingual standard languages as the norm and __6__ [A. deviations B. aberrations C. criticisms D. deviants] from the imagined monolingual standard language as aberrant, and remember each individual __7__ [A. repertoire B. word C. idea D. statement] is a deviation but repertoires characterised by greater deviation as problematic is through the close association between language and place. You would have seen maps that map languages into territory. You probably can __8__ [A. write B. set C. conjure D. let] in your mind a map of the Americas where almost all of North America is __9__ [A. known B.  coded C. accepted D. conceded] for English except for a bit of French in East Canada, more than half of Central and South America would be coded for Spanish, the other big chunk (Brazil) for Portuguese, and three tiny __10__ [A. havens B. colonies C. isles D. pockets] of English, Dutch and French where the states of Guyana, Suriname and French Guiana are located in addition to maps based on the __11__ [A. national B. common C. local D regional] language of a state, you would be able to find more fine-grained maps that map traditional minority languages into a particular territory. Language maps do not only inform us about global language distributions; they also fulfil a __12__ [A. interactive B. discursive C. intuitive D. reclusive] function, they establish a __13__ [A. plan B. wedge C. bridge D. link] between language and territory as a central and normal way to think about language use. The territorial __14__ [A. principle B. concept C. perception D. technique] is foundational to most thinking about linguistic justice because it __15__ [A. undergirds B. undermines C. underestimate D. underserved] linguistic legislation.

(Source: Ingrid Piler, 2016 p. 33, Linguistic Diversity and Social Justice. Oxford, Oxford University Press)

166

Select the option that best fills the gap labelled 12

  • A. interactive
  • B. discursive
  • C. intuitive
  • D. reclusive
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167

Select the option that best fills the gap labelled 13

  • A. plan
  • B. wedge
  • C. bridge
  • D. link
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168

Select the option that best fills the gap labelled 14

  • A. principle
  • B. concept
  • C. perception
  • D. technique
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169

Select the option that best fills the gap labelled 15

  • A. undergirds
  • B. undermines
  • C. underestimate
  • D. underserved
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In the following passage, the numbered gaps indicate missing words. Against each number in the list below the passage, four options are given in columns lettered A to D. Choose the word that is the most suitable to fill the numbered gaps in the passage. 

The __71__ of the local government chairman would soon elapse. This means that there would be an election soon. This will commence with the selection of __72__ by registered political parties, who will present their __73__ to the public to inform them of their intentions when they assume office. The process of __74__ for votes has a timeframe. Voting is usually done by universal __75__ which means that every citizen above eighteen is __76__ to vote provided he/she is duly registered and has a valid voter's card.

On the day of the election, the voters will go to the polling __77__ go through the voter's register for __78__ before casting their votes for the person of their choice. The counting of votes will be done by the __79__ under the supervision of party agents. At the end of the exercise, the winner will be __80__.

170

What option best completes the gap labelled 71?

  • A. period
  • B. reign
  • C. tenure
  • D. era
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