(a)(i) State three postulates of the kinetic theory of gases.
(ii) Draw a sketch to illustrate Boyle's law.
(iii) Explain what is meant by "absolute zero of temperature".
(b) Equal volumes of a gas X and oxygen are at the same pressure but temperature of 200 K and 800K respectively.
(i) Giving reason for your answer, state which of the gas samples contains the greater number of molecules.
(ii) If the mass of one molecule of the gas X is 2.19 x 10\(^{-22}\) g, determine the molar mass of X. [Avogadro constant = 6.02 x 10\(^{-23}\)]
(iii) Hence, state with reason which of X and oxygen will diffuse faster under the same conditions. [O= 16].
(c)(i) Mention two reaction conditions that can increase the yield of ammonia in the reaction represented by the following equation: N\(_{2(g)}\) + 3H\(_{2(9)}\) \(\rightleftharpoons\) 2NH\(_{3(g)}\) \(\Dellta\)H = -46kJmol\(^{-1}\). Draw a labelled energy profile diagram for an endothermic reaction.
(iii) A solid W decomposes on heating according to the following equation: W\(_{(s)} \to Y_{(s}) + Z_{(g)}\) List two factors apart from temperature, which can affect the rate of the reaction.
a)(i) State three differences between covalent compounds and electrovalent compounds.
(ii) Two elements represented as K and L have atomic numbers of 12 and 8 respectively. Write their electronic structures and state the group to which each belongs in the Periodic Table.
(iii) If an alkali metal M exists naturally as the oxide, state with reason whether or not M can be extracted by reduction of the oxide with coke.
(b)(i) What is meant by the half-life of a radioactive element?
(ii) Mention the radioactive isotope used in dating archaeological specimens.
(iii) Balance the following equation and identify Q,
\(^{28}_{13}Al\) —> \(^{24}_{13}Si + \(^{0_1Q\)
(c)(i). Give three chemical properties of metals.
(ii) State two reasons why duralumin preferred to steel in aircraft manufacture.
(iii) What term is used to describe the ability of metals to be hammered into thin sheets?
(iv) Calculate the number of mole of electrons involved in the oxidation of 2.8g of iron filings to iron (II) ions. [Fe = 56].
(a) The letters R,S,T represent an alkene, an alkene and a terminal alkyne respectively. Which of R, S and T typically undergo(es) the following reactions?
(i) Addition reaction;
(ii) Combustion;
(iii) Substitution reaction.
(b)(i) Name the process by which an alkanol can be converted to an alkene.
(ii) Write the name and structural formula of the third member cf the alkanol series.
(iii) State what would be obtained if a primary alkanol reacted with excess acidified KMnO\(_4\) solution.
(c)(i) Give one chemical test for alkanoic acids.
(ii) Write an equation to show how methanoic acid reacts with ethanol in the presence of mineral acids.
(iii) What is the role of mineral acid in the reaction in (c) ii?
(d) In an experiment, cassava was pressure-cooked to release starch granules, followed by treatment with malt for about 2 hours at 55°C. Yeast was then added and the mixture was left for 2 days at 27°C. An organic product J and a gas H were obtained.
(i) Identify H
(ii) State the class of carbohydrates to which starch belongs and explain what happened to the starch during treatment with malt.
(iii) Draw a labelled diagram of a suitable set-up for obtaining a sample of J from the reaction mixture.
