(a)(i) Name two types of germination of seeds giving one example of each type.
(ii) Describe a simple experiment to demonstrate that oxygen, water and warmth are necessary for germination of seeds.

(b) State two distinguishing features each of
(i) epiphytes
(ii) parasites

(c) Give two examples o parasitic plants.

(a) Write short notes on each of the following:
(i) ecological niche
(ii) population density
(iii) climax continually

(b) Describe briefly the interactions between abiotic and biotic components of an ecosystem.

(a) List four characteristics which can be genetically transmitted in humans.

(b)(i) Name two sites eac• in plants and animals where meiosis occurs.
(ii) State two differences between meiosis and mitosis

(c) A woman with blood group 'A' (heterozygous) claimed that her son who has blood group '0' was fathered by Mr. James who has blood group 'A' (homozygous). With the aid of suitable genetic diagrams
(i) prove or disprove the woman's claim
(ii) give reasons to support your answer.

 (a)(i) What is placentation?
(ii) Name two organs associated with the human placenta.

(b) State five functions of the human placenta.

(c) Write short notes on the following:
(i) viviparity
(ii) territoriality
(iii) seasonal migration

(a) Explain the term adaptation in relation to the mode of life of an organism.

(b) Explain how each of the following structures adapt the organisms that possess them to their modes of life:
(i) succulent leaves in Aloe sp
(ii) succulent stems and reduced leaves in cactus plants
(iii) short, strong beaks in fowls
(iv) counter shading in fish
(v) tiny scale leaves on needle-like branches of pine trees.

(c)(i) What is population?
(ii) State five effects of overpopulation on a community.