a.  Name five vertebrae in mammals with their corresponding locations.    [10 marks]

b.  State one function each of the following parts in a dicotyledonous leaf:
    (i) palisade;
    (ii) vascular bundle;    
    (iii) epidermis.                            [3 marks]

c.  State one function each of the following parts in the stem of a flowering plant:    
    (i) sieve tube;
    (ii) cortex;
    (iii) pith.    

d.  In a tabular form, state:
    (i) two external structural differences between the stem and root of a maize seeding.    [2 marks]
    (ii) two internal structural differences between the stem and root of a maize seeding.    [2 marks]

a.    State three features of the small intestine that increase the rate of absorption of digested food.    [3 marks]

b.    Explain briefly what happens to the glucose formed in a plant during photosynthesis.    [3 marks]

c.    Explain briefly the mode of feeding in each of the following organisms:
    (i) Euglena;    [4 marks]
    (ii) Spirogyra.    [4 marks]

d.    State three characteristics of an Estuarine habitat.    [3 marks]

e.    State three differences between an aquatic habitat and a terrestrial habitat.    [3 marks]

a.    State five :
    (i) challenges that make conservation of resources difficult;    [5 marks]
    (ii) ways by which the Government of a country ensures conservation of natural resources.    [5 marks]

b.    What is an endangered species?    [3 marks]

c.    A child with blood group O was born to a mother of blood group A.
    (i) What is the blood group genotype of the child?    [1 marks]
    (ii) What are the possible blood group genotypes of the father?    [3 marks]

d.    State three reasons why genetic variation is important to plants.    [3 marks]

A homozygous tall, red flower plant was crossed with a homozygous dwarf, white flower plant. The F1 were selfed and 160 F2 plants were obtained.
   
      a.(i)  Name the type of genetic cross.    [1 marks]
        (ii) State one reason for the answer in 4(a)(i).    [1 marks]

      b.(i)  What is evolution?  [2  marks]
        (ii)  With the aid of a genetic diagram, state the phenotypic ratio of F2 generation.    [13 marks]
        (iii) Calculate the number of tall and white flowers that  would be obtained in the F2 generation.  [3  marks]

a.    (i)  Complete the table below with the respiratory surface of each of the listed organisms.
       

       (ii)  State five characteristic features of respiratory surfaces in organisms.    [5 marks]

b. Make a drawing, 4 cm – 6 cm long of the respiratory organ in Tilapia and label fully.    [9 marks]