(a)(i) What is sewage?
(ii) State five effects of releasing untreated sewage into a stagnant water body.

(b) Explain surface terracing as a soil conservation method.

(c) Explain the term adaptation.

(d) Explain two ways each by which the following organisms adapt to their habitats:
(i) hydrophytes
(ii) xerophytes. 
 

(a) Explain the following terms:
(i) test cross
(ii) monohybrid cross.

(b) In a mango plant the, the allele for bean-shaped seed is r and is recessive to round-shaped seed R. With the aid of a genetic diagram, determine the genotypes of the offspring if:
(i) a homozygous bean-shaped parent with a homozygous round shaped parent;
(ii) a heterozygous bean-shaped parent is crossed with a heterozygous round shaped parent. 
 

(a) Copy and complete the table below 

(b) Make a labelled diagram of the carbon cycle.

(c)(i) What is Estuarine habitat?
(ii) Construct a food chain typical of an Estuarine habitat.

(d)(i) Name two diseases that can attack plant crops.
(ii) State three ways of controlling plant diseases.

(e) State four functions of a public health authority

(f) State four ways of maintaining food hygiene in the community. 

 Study Specimens A and B carefully and use them to answer question 1 (a) to 1 (e).

(a) Classify Specimen p no its division and class.

(b) (i) State the types of leaf arrangements in specimens A and B.

(ii) Name the leaf shape of specimens A and B.

(c)(i) State the type of leaf margin in specimen A. (ii) State the types of venation found in the leaves of specimens A and B.

(d)(i) List three observable similarities found in specimen A and E. (ii) In a tabular form, state four observable differences between specimens A and B.

(e) Make a drawing 8-10 cm long of the leaf of specimen A and label fully.

Study Specimen G and H carefully them to answer question 2 (a) to 2(c).

(a) (i) Name the phylum of specimens G and H.

(ii) State two reasons for the answer given in 2 (a)(i).

(b) Name the structures on specimen G and H that are used for defense.

(c)(i) State two habitat of each of specimen G and H. (i) State two ways in which each of specimen G and H are of economic importance.

Study specimen M, N and P carefully and use them to answer question 2 (d) and 2 (e).

(d) (i) Name the class of organisms to which each of the specimen M, N and P are associated. (ii) State one function common to the specimen named in 2 (d)(i).

(iii) In a tabular form, State four observable difference between specimen M and P.

(e) Explain three features of biological importance in Specimen M.