Explanation

(a) ldentification of specimens:

• O - udder /mammary gland,
• P  - Iiver,
• Q - gizzard,
• R - tail of animal with hairs (undressed),

(b) External parts observable on specimen O are:

• teat,
• teat opening (canal),
• hairs (covering the udder muscle/point of attachment to the body,
• point of division into halves (Median ligament).

(c) Uses or functions of specimens Q and R to animals are:

• Specimen Q is used for churning of food and also for grinding food: it is used for the temporary storage of food.
• Specimen R is used for protection/defence, for driving away flies, communication (during stress they wag their tails).

(d) Common diseases associated with specimen O are:

• mastitis,
• agalactia,

Controls Maintaining cleanliness, disinfecting milking equipment, washing or cleaning of udder or teats before or after farm sanitation, use of antibiotics.

(e) Parasites of specimens P and R

• Specimen P - liver fluke,
• Specimen R - tick lice

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