Explanation

(a) Effects of specimen M(Liver Fluke) on farm animals are:

• It destroys the liver tissues.
• It causes general weakness of the animal
• It causes the obstruction of the bile duct
• It inhibits the production of bile from the liver
• It prevents the flow of bile from the gall bladder into the small intestine
• Lipid digestion is impaired
• Animal emaciates
• It leads to loss of yields in terms of milk and meat
• It leads to death in extreme cases.
• Excessive loss of blood from the liver may cause anaemia.

(b) The primary host of specimen M is ruminants while the intermediate host is water snail

(c) Adaptive features of specimen N (Tapeworm) which enable it to survive in the host are:

• It has very high absorptive surface area,
• Specimen possesses four suckers with which it attaches itself to the walls of the small intestine.
• It possesses two rows of hooks which enable it to have a firm grip of the small intestine.
• The whole body is covered with a cuticle which prevents it from being digested by the digestive enzymes of the host.
• It has the ability to absorb digested food materials from the small intestine with the whole body.
• It is highly prolific, i.e; it has a fast rate of reproduction.

(d)(i) The control measures for specimen M (Liver fluke) are:

• control snails on pasture using copper sulphate solution
• regular deworming of animals
• rotational grazing
• avoid grazing near streams
• burning of infected pastures

Control measures for specimen N (Tapeworm) are:

• proper sewage disposal or farm hygiene
• proper cooking of meat before consumption
• inspection of animal before slaughter
• deworming of animals
• rotational grazing
• burning of infected pastures
• proper meat inspection before selling

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