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1. Separation of mixtures and purification of chemical substances.
(I) Definition and classification of matter
(II) Elements, compounds and mixtures (III) Physical and chemical changes (IV) Pure and impure substances
(V) Separation techniques/processes
2. Chemical combination (I) Stoichiometry
(II) Laws of definite and multiple proportions (III) Law of conservation of matter
(IV) Gay Lussac's law of combining volumes (V) Avogadro's law;
(VI) chemical symbols, formulae, equations and their uses, (VII) Relative atomic mass based on 12C-12,
(VIII) The mole concept and Avogadro's number.
3. Kinetic Theory of Matter and Gas Laws
(I) States of matter
(II) Change of States of matter
(III) Phenomena Supporting Kinetic theory-Diffusion and Osmosis (IV) Assumptions of Kinetic theory of Gases
(V) The Gas Laws:Boyle, Charles, Graham and Dalton (law of partial pressure), combined gas law,
(VI) Molar volume and atomicity of gases. (VII) The ideal gas equation (PV = nRT).
(VIII) The relationship between vapour density of gases and the relative molecular mass.
4. Atomic Structure and Bonding
(I) The concept of atoms, molecules and ions, the works of Dalton, Millikan, Rutherford, Moseley, Thompson and Bohr,
(II)Atomic structure, electron configuration, atomic number, mass number and isotopes.
(III)Shapes of S and P orbitals.
(IV)The Periodic table and periodicity of elements
(V)The variation of the following properties: ionization energy, ionic radii, electron affinity and electronegativity.
(VI)Chemical bonding. Electrovalency and covalency, Hydrogen bonding and metallic bonding as special types of electrovalency and covalency respectively; coordinate bond as a type of covalent bond
(VII)Van der Waals' forces.
(VIII)Shapes of simple molecules: linear ((H2, O2, Cl2,HCl and CO2), non-linear (H2O) and tetrahedral; (CH4) and pyramidal (NH3).
5. Nuclear Chemistry
(I) Radioactivity - Types and properties of radiations
(II) Nuclear reactions. Simple equations, uses and applications of natural and artificial
radioactivity.
6. Air
(I) The natural gaseous constituents and their proportion in the air.- nitrogen, oxygen, water vapour, carbon (IV) oxide and the noble gases (argon and neon).
(II) Air as a mixture and some uses of the noble gas.
7. Water
(I) Water as a product of the combustion of hydrogen and its composition by volume. (II)Water as a solvent, atmospheric gases dissolved in water and their biological significance.
(III)Hard and soft water: Temporary and permanent hardness and methods of softening hard water.
(IV)Treatment of water for town supply.
(V)Water of crystallization, efflorescence, deliquescence and hygroscopy.
8. Solubility
(I) Unsaturated, saturated and supersaturated solutions.
(II)Solubility curves and simple deductions from them, (solubility defined in terms of mole per dm3) and simple calculations.
(III) Solvents for fats, oil and paints and the use of such solvents for the removal of stains.
(IV) False solution (Suspensions and colloids): Properties and examples.
9. Environmental pollution
(I) Sources and effects of pollutants.
(II) Air pollution: Examples of air pollutants such as H2S, CO, SO2, oxides of nitrogen, CFCs and dust.
(III) Water pollution Sewage and oil pollution should be known.
(IV) Soil pollution: Oil spillage, Biodegradable and non-biodegradable pollutants.
10. Acids, Bases and Salts
(I) Definition, General characteristics,types and properties of acids, bases and salts. (II)Acids/base indicators, basicity of acids; normal, acidic, basic and double salts. preparation of salts by neutralization, precipitation and action of acids on metals. (III)Oxides and trioxocarbonate (IV) salts
(IV)Qualitative comparison of the conductances of molar solutions of strong and weak acids and bases,
(V)Relationship between conductance and amount of ions present. Buffer solutions (VI) pH and pOH scale; Simple calculations
(VII) Acid/base titrations. (VIII)Hydrolysis of salts
11. Oxidation and Reduction(REDOX) reactions
(I)Oxidation in terms of the addition of oxygen or removal of hydrogen. (II)Reduction as removal of oxygen or addition of hydrogen. (III)Oxidation and reduction in terms of electron transfer.
(IV)Use of oxidation numbers. Oxidation and reduction treated as change in oxidation number and use of oxidation numbers in balancing simple equations.
(V)IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic compounds using oxidation number. (VI)Tests for oxidizing and reducing agents.
12. Electrolysis
(I)Electrolytes and non-electrolytes. Faraday's laws of electrolysis. (II)Electrolysis of dilute H2SO4, aqueous CuSO4, CuCl2 solution, dilute and concentrated NaCl solutions and fused NaCl
(III)Factors affecting discharge of ions at the electrodes.
(IV)Uses of electrolysis: Purification of metals e.g. copper and production of elements and compounds (Al, Na, O2, Cl2 and NaOH).
(V) Electrochemical cells: Redox series (VI)Half-cell reactions and electrode potentials. (VII)Calculations on electrolysis.
(VIII)Corrosion as an electrolytic process, cathodic protection of metals, painting, electroplating and coating with grease or oil as ways of preventing iron from corrosion.
13.Energy changes
(I) Energy changes ∆H accompanying physical and chemical changes: dissolution of substances in/or reaction with water e.g. Na, NaOH, K, NH4Cl.
(II)Endothermic +∆H and exothermic -∆H reactions. (III) Entropy as an order-disorder phenomenon.
(IV)Spontaneity of reactions: ∆Go = 0 as a criterion for equilibrium, ∆G greater or less than zero as a criterion for non-spontaneity or spontaneity respectively.
14.Rates of Chemical reaction
(I) Meaning of the rate of a chemical reaction. (II)Ways of measuring the rate of chemical reaction. (III) Factors affecting rates of reaction (IV)Arrhenius’ law and Collision theory
(V)Reaction rate curves.
15.Chemical equilibrium
(I)Definition of the following terminologies: systems, reactions(reversible, endothermic and exothermic)and dynamic equilibrium.
(II)Properties of a system in equilibrium. (III)Factors governing the equilibrium position. (IV)Equilibrium constant
(IV)Le Chatelier’s principle
16.Non-metals and their compounds
(I)Hydrogen: commercial production from water gas and cracking of petroleum fractions, laboratory preparation, properties, uses and test for hydrogen. (II)Halogens: Chlorine as a representative element of the halogen. Laboratory preparation, industrial preparation by electrolysis, properties and uses, e.g. water sterilization, bleaching, manufacture of HCl, plastics and insecticides. Hydrogen chloride and Hydrochloric acid: Preparation and properties. Chlorides and test for chlorides.
(III) Oxygen: Laboratory preparation, properties and uses. Commercial production from liquid air. Oxides: Acidic,basic, amphoteric and neutral, trioxygen (ozone) as an allotrope and the importance of ozone in the atmosphere.
(IV)Sulphur and its compound: Uses and allotropes: preparation of allotropes is not expected . Preparation, properties and uses of sulphur(IV) oxide, the reaction of
SO2 with alkalis. Trioxosulphate (IV) acid and its salts, the effect of acids on salts of trioxosulphate(IV), Tetraoxosulphate(VI) acid: Commercial preparation (contact process only), properties as a dilute acid, an oxidizing and a dehydrating agent and uses. Test for SO2−4. Hydrogen sulphide: Preparation and properties as a weak acid, reducing agent and precipitating agent. Test for S2−
(V) Nitrogen and its compounds: laboratory preparation,Production from liquid ai. Ammonia: Laboratory and industrial preparations (Haber Process only), properties and uses, ammonium salts and their uses, oxidation of ammonia to nitrogen (IV) oxide and trioxonitrate (V) acid. Test for NH+4. Trioxonitrate (V) acid: Laboratory preparation from ammonia; properties and uses. Trioxonitrate (V) salt- action of heat and uses. Test for NO−3. Oxides of nitrogen: Properties. The nitrogen cycle. (VI)Carbon: Allotropes: Uses and properties. Carbon(IV) oxide- Laboratory preparation, properties and uses. Action of heat on trioxocarbonate (IV) salts and test for CO2−3
Carbon(II) oxide: Laboratory preparation, properties including its effect on blood; sources of carbon (II) oxide to include charcoal, fire and exhaust fumes.
Coal: Different types, products obtained from destructive distillation of wood and coal.
Coke: Classification and uses. Manufacture of synthetic gas and uses.
17.Metals and their compounds
(I)General properties of metals.
(II)Alkali metals e.g. sodium. Sodium hydroxide:- Production by electrolysis of brine, its action on aluminium, zinc and lead ions. Uses including precipitation of
metallic hydroxides. Sodium trioxocarbonate (IV) and sodium hydrogen trioxocarbonate. Production by Solvay process, properties and uses, e.g. Na2CO3 in the manufacture of glass. Sodium chloride: its occurrence in sea water and uses, the economic importance of sea water and the recovery of sodium chloride.
(III)Alkaline-earth metals, e.g. calcium; calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide and calcium trioxocarbonate (IV); Properties and uses. Preparation of calcium oxide from sea shells, the chemical composition of cement and the setting of mortar. Test for Ca2+ (IV)Aluminium Purification of bauxite, electrolytic extraction, properties and uses of aluminium and its compounds. Test for Al3+
(V)Tin Extraction from its ores. Properties and uses.
(VI)Metals of the first transition series. Characteristic properties:electron configuration, oxidation states, complex ion formation, formation of coloured ions, and catalysis (VII)Iron Extraction from sulphide and oxide ores, properties and uses, different forms of iron and their properties and advantages of steel over iron. Test for Fe2+ and Fe3+ (VIII)Copper Extraction from sulphide and oxide ores, properties and uses of copper. Preparation and uses of copper(II) tetraoxosulphate(VI). Test for Cu2+ (IX)Alloy Steel, stainless steel, brass, bronze, type- metal, duralumin, soft solder,etc
18.Organic Compounds
(I)Introduction to the tetravalency of carbon, the general formula, IUPAC nomenclature and the determination of empirical formula of each class of the organic compounds
(II)Alkanes Homologous series in relation to physical properties, substitution reaction and a few examples and uses of halogenated products. Isomerism: structural only (examples on isomerism should not go beyond six carbon atoms). Petroleum: composition, fractional distillation and major products; cracking and reforming, Petrochemicals - starting materials of organic syntheses, quality of petrol and meaning of octane number.
(III) Alkenes Isomerism: structural and geometric isomerism, additional and polymerization reactions, polythene and synthetic rubber as examples of products of polymerization and its use in vulcanization.
(IV)Alkynes Ethyne - production from action of water on carbides, simple reactions and properties of ethyne.
(V)Aromatic hydrocarbons e.g. benzene - structure, properties and uses.
(VI)Alkanols Primary, secondary, tertiary - production of ethanol by fermentation and from petroleum by-products. Local examples of fermentation and distillation, e.g. gin from palm wine and other local sources and glycerol as a polyhydric alkanol. Reactions of OH group - oxidation as a distinguishing test among primary, secondary and tertiary alkanols (Lucas test).
(VII) Alkanals and alkanones. Chemical test to distinguish between alkanals and alkanones.
(VIII) Alkanoic acids. Chemical reactions; neutralization and esterification, ethanedioic (oxalic) acid as an example of a dicarboxylic acid and benzene carboxylic acid as an
example of an aromatic acid.
(IX)Alkanoates Formation from alkanoic acids and alkanols - fats and oils as alkanoates. Saponification: Production of soap and margarine from alkanoates and distinction between detergents and soaps.
(X) Amines (Alkanamines) Primary, Secondary, and tertiary
(XI)Carbohydrates: Classification - mono-, di- and polysaccharides; composition, chemical tests for simple sugars and reaction with concentrated tetraoxosulphate (VI) acid. Hydrolysis of complex sugars e.g. cellulose from cotton and starch from cassava, the uses of sugar and starch in the production of alcoholic beverages, pharmaceuticals and textiles.
(XII)Proteins: Primary structures, hydrolysis and tests (Ninhydrin, Biuret, Millon's and xanthoproteic)
(XIII)Enzymes and their functions.
(XIV)Polymers: Natural and synthetic rubber; addition and condensation polymerization. - Methods of preparation, examples and uses. Thermoplastic and thermosetting plastics.
19.Industrial Chemistry
(I)Chemical industries: Types, raw materials and relevances
(II)Economics of Industrial process
(III)Importance of industrial chemistry in Nigeria
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