Key Features:
- No of chapters: 5
- No of Pages: 60
- Tables
- List of Abbreviation
- Diagrams
Abstract:
The primary objective of this project is to prepare a topographic map. Such map will show all the natural and man-made feature within the study area. The contour will show the configuration of the terrain. The instrument for the project theodolite, level, leveling staff, ranging pole, and 100m steel tape. This is third-order traversing with reference to two (2) known control points where rectangular coordinate and height are known. The expected accuracy is 1:3000 – 1:1000. The accuracy achieved is 1:3,000 and shows that the project has achieved its purpose.
Table of Content:
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
FR Face Right
FL Face Left
BS Back Sight
FS Fore-Sight
HCR Horizontal Circle Reading
VCR Vertical Circle Reading
HA Horizontal Angle
VA Vertical Angle
STN Station
IS Intermediate Sight
S Staff Reading
U Upper staff reading
M Middle staff reading
L Lower staff reading
D Distance
HI Height of instrument
H Difference in Height
RL Reduce Level.
E Easting
N Northing
SH Spot height
LIST OF TABLES PAGE
Table 1.0 Shows coordinates of controls used - - - 8
Table 1.1 Shows test for Horizontal Collimation - - 14
Table 1.2 Shows test for index error - - - - 15
Table 1.3 Shows staff reading when instrument is at equal
Distance - - - - - - - 17
Table 1.4 Shows staff reading when the instrument is at
Variable distance - - - - - - 18
Table 1.5 Shows Horizontal angle deduction - - - 36
Table 1.6 Shows Vertical angle deduction - - - 36
LIST OF FIGURES PAGE
Figure 2.0 Diagram of Beacon - - - - 8
Figure 2.1 Levelling up with three foot screws - - 12
Figure 2.2 Level at equal distance in-between staff - 17
Figure 2.3 Level at variable distance in-between staff - 17
Figure 2.4 Open traverse - - - - - 26
Figure 2.5 Closed traverse - - - - - 27
Figure 2.6 Diagram of Level for obtaining Height - 32
Figure 2.7 Diagram showing tacheometry - - - 34
TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE
Title Page - - - - - - - - - i
Approval Page - - - - - - - - - ii
Declaration - - - - - - - - - iii
Certification - - - - - - - - - iv
Dedication - - - - - - - - - v
Acknowledgement - - - - - - - - vi
List of Abbreviation - - - - - - - - viii
List of Tables - - - - - - - - ix
List of Figures - - - - - - - - - x
Abstract - - - - - - - - - xii
CHAPTER ONE
Introduction - - - - - - - - - 1
Location of project site - - - - - - - - 3
Aims and objectives - - - - - - - - 3
Scope of the Study - - - - - - - - 4
Project order and accuracy - - - - - - - 4
Members of project group - - - - - - - 5
Reconnaissance - - - - - - - - 5 - 6
Information gathering - - - - - - - - 7
Selection of station - - - - - - - - 7
Coordinate of control used - - - - - - - 8
Beaconing - - - - - - - - - - 8
Instrument for data collection - - - - - - - 8
Test and adjustment - - - - - - - 9 - 18
In-situ check - - - - - - - - - 18
Definition of Terms - - - - - - - 18 - 20
CHAPTER TWO
Literature review - - - - - - - - - 20
Brief review of project topic - - - - - - - 22
Importance of project topic - - - - - - - 23
Features contain on topo map - - - - - - - 24
Alternative method of project topic - - - - - - 24
CHAPTER THREE
Field work - - - - - - - - - - 25
Traversing - - - - - - - - - 25 - 29
Distance measurement - - - - - - - 29 - 31
Levelling - - - - - - - - - 31 - 32
Tacheometry - - - - - - - - - 33
Detailing - - - - - - - - - - 33
Spot heighting - - - - - - - - - 33
CHAPTER FOUR
Computation and data analysis - - - - - - - 34
Traverse computation - - - - - - - - 34
Angle deduction - - - - - - - - - 35
Coordinate determination - - - - - - - 36
Back computation - - - - - - - - 38
Linear misclosure - - - - - - - - - 38
Linear accuracy - - - - - - - - - 39
Area computation - - - - - - - - - 39
Leveling computation - - - - - - - 40 - 42
Misclosure in levelling - - - - - - - - 43
Tacheometric computation - - - - - - 43 - 44
Plotting - - - - - - - - - 44 - 47
Data analysis - - - - - - - - - 47
CHAPTER FIVE
Problems encountered - - - - - - - - 48
Conclusion - - - - - - - - - - 48
Recommendation - - - - - - - - 48 - 49
Reference - - - - - - - - - - 50
Appendixes - - - - - - - - - 51 – 59
Introduction:
Surveying can be defined as the art or science or technology of making measurements (usually angular and linear) of the relative positions of points on the surface of the earth. Such measurement is reduced and plotted to scale on paper such that natural and artificial features (planimetry/horizontal) and the configuration of the terrain are represented in two dimensions.
Geoinformatics is the science and technology which develops and uses information science infrastructure to address the problems of geography, geosciences, and related branches of engineering (Umar Yusuf).
Topographic surveying is a survey carried out to determine physical features on land e.g. relief, river, contours, trees, settlement, etc. It covers the production of maps representing the true shape of the ground surface within the map area (Surveyor Waheed Adeyemi 2018).
Topographic maps are detailed, accurate graphic representations of features that appear on the Earth's surface. These features include roads, buildings, urban development, railways, airports, names of places and geographic features, administrative boundaries, state, and international borders, reserves.
Among the scales used for topographic survey are:
-Small scale e.g. 1:50000, 1:100000, 1:1000000.
-Medium scale e.g. 1:5000, 1:10000, 1:25000.
-Large scale e.g. 1:50, 1:100, 1:1000, 1:2500 etc.
Data for the production of a topographical map can be gotten from the following sources below:
Aerial photographs (photogrammetric): Using aerial photographs to determine distances, elevations, areas, etc. for topographic mapping.
Old maps: digitization of base map to produce a new topographic map (map update).
Plane Table: Similar to the chemometric method except that the data is plotted in the field on paper attached to a drawing board mounted on a tripod (plane table).
However, for the purpose of this project work, the traditional survey methods were adopted which includes the following:
-Traversing
-Leveling
-Tacheometry
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