Key Features:
No of Pages: 57
No of Chapters: 5
Abstract:
The need for effective and efficient means of oil extraction has been a concern in recent times. Hence, this study aimed at the oil extraction from Moringa oleifera seeds using the Microwave-Assisted extraction method. The extraction process was modeled using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Also, the evaluation of Moringa oleifera oil as a good feedstock for biodiesel production was carried out.
Oil was extracted from the M. oleifera seed kernel using Microwave-Assisted method and n-hexane as solvent of extraction. D-optimal design of the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to generate 22 experiments for the oil extraction studies. Factors considered for the design were extraction time (4 – 12 min), power (180 – 540 W) and solute-solvent ratio (1:10 – 1:30). The modeling and optimization studies on the oil extraction were carried out using RSM. Properties of the oil extracted were determined using the methods of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC).
The results showed that both RSM models had R2 value of 0.96. RSM predicted an optimum oil yield of 43.60% at the optimal condition of 8 min, 540 W and solute-solvent ratio of 1:30. The acid value, specific gravity, iodine value, free fatty acid, refractive index, viscosity, peroxide value, saponification value and cetane number were determined as 3.03 mg/KOH/g; 0.874; 65.89 g I2/100; 1.536 mg/KOH/g; 1.4466; 13.0125 cSt; 8.4 meq/kg; 150.49 mgKOH/g oil and 64.16, respectively.
Thus, the results of this study demonstrated that M. oleifera is a high-yielding oil plant and the oil could serve as feedstock for biodiesel production.
Table of Content:
TITLE PAGE.…………………………………………………...…………………………….…......i
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL
CERTIFICATION
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
ABSTRACT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLESi
LIST OF FIGURESi
LIST OF PLATESv
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background Information
1.1.1 Drumstick Tree (Moringa oleifera)
1.1.2 Microwave-Assisted Method of Extraction
1.1.3 Response Surface Methodology (RSM)
1.2 Scope of the Study
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Justification for the Study
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Overview
2.1.1 Wet Rendering Method of Extraction
2.1.2 Mechanical Press Method of Extraction
2.1.3 Solvent Extraction Method
2.2 Moringa oleifera
2.2.1 Moringa oleifera Seed
2.2.2 Moringa oleifera Seed \Oil
2.2.3 Moringa oleifera oil: a potential source of biodiesel
2.3 Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE)
2.3.1 Theory and Principle of Microwave heating
2.2.2 Advantages and limitation of Microwave assisted extraction
2.4 Physico-chemical Analysis of the Seed Oil
2.4.1 Viscosity
2.4.2 Specific Gravity
2.4.3 Density
2.4.4 Moisture Content
2.4.5 Refractive Index
2.4.6 Acid Value
2.4.7 Saponification Value
2.4.8 Iodine Value
2.4.9 Peroxide Value
2.4.10 Cetane Number
2.5 Experimental Design
2.5.1 D-Optimal Design
2.5.2 Response Surface Methodology (RSM)
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Sample Collection and Preparation
3.1.1 Drying
3.1.2 Milling
3.1.3 Design of Experiment
3.2 Extraction of the Oil
3.2.1 Reagents
3.2.2 Equipment
3.2.3 Oil Extraction Procedure
3.3 Analysis of the Physicochemical Properties of the Oil extracted
3.3.1 Specific Gravity Test
3.3.2 Refractive Index Test
3.3.3 Viscosity Test
3.3.4 Moisture Content Test
3.3.5 Free Fatty Acid Value (FFA)
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