Key Features:

- No of Pages: 80

- No of Chapters: 05

Buy Now

Introduction:

Abstract

This project was carried out using acid activated coal from Enugu coal and the production of ve4getablew oil was monitored using spectrophotometer to measure the absorbance. It was also perform to check the suitability of activated Enugu coal as a bleaching agent for palm oil.

The Enugu coal samples were collected, size reduced, carbonized and activated with acid (phosphoric Acid) before being used for the bleaching process. The bleaching process lasted for 40minutes and it was absorbed that activated coal is a poor absorber of palm oil.

From the result obtained, it was observed t6hat at different temperature rang of 120oc, 150oc and 180oc of 10g of activated coal mixed with 100ml of palm oil, that the co lour absorbance were 1.65, 1.2 and 0.4 respectively. The optimum amount of 10g at bleaching temperatur4e of 180ocfound to be the best for better bleaching.

It was observed that as the temperature increase, the pe4rcentage colour reduction of the oil increase. Beside, it was observed that the smaller the particle size of the activated coal samples, the higher their effect on the oil and the higher the percentage colour reduction.

Table of Content

TITLE PAGE

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL

DEDICATION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ABSTRACT

TABLE OF CONTENT



CHAPTER ONE

1.1 INTRODUCTION

1.2 SCOPE/OBJECTIVE OF PROJECT



CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 HISTORY OF PALM OIL

2.1 PROCESSING OF PALM OIL

2.2 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF PALM OIL

2.2.1 CAROTENE

2.2.2 FATTY ACIDS

2.2.3 PHOSPHOLIPIDS (PHOSPHATIDES)

2.2.4 GUMS

2.3 CHARACTERISTICS OF PALM OIL

2.3.1 SPOILAGE FACTORS OF PALM OIL

2.3.2 PREVE4NRTIVE MEASURES

2.4 REFINING OF CRUDE PALM OIL

2.4.1 DEGUMMING

2.4.2 NEUTRALIZATION

2.4.3 BLEACHING

2.4.4 BLEACH ABILITY OF PALM OIL

2.4.5 CHEMICAL BLEACHING

2.4.6 AERATION BLEACHING

2.4.7 BLEACHING BY ADSORPTION

2.5.0 ADSORPTION

2.5.1 TYPES OF ADSORPTION

2.52 APPLI8CATION OF ADSORPTION PROCESS

2.53 NATURE OF ADSORBENT

2.5.4 STRUCTURE OF ADSORBENT

2.5.5 ADSORPTION EQUIPMENT

2.6 COAL AS AN ADSORBENT

2.6.1 MECHANISM OF COAL FORMATION

2.7 TYPES OF COAL AND ITS PROPERTIES

2.7.1 COAL RANK AND CLASSIFICATION BY RANK

2.7.2 CLASSIFICATION OF COAL

2.7.3 PROPERTIES OF COAL COMMONLY

USED IN CLASSIFICATION

2.7.4 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OFT COAL

2.7.5 CAKING AND COKING PROPERTIES

2.76 CALORIFIC VALUE

2.77 ACTIVATED CARBON

2.78 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF COAL

2.79 COAL CARBONIZATION

2.80 ADSORPTION PARAMETERS OF ACTIVATED CARBON



CHAPTER THREE

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

3.10 MATERIAL TREATMENT

3.11 CARBONIZATION OF COAL

3.12 COAL ACTIVATED

3.13 PERCENTAGE APPARENT POROSITY OF ACTIVATED COLA

3.34 TREATMENT OF PALM OIL

3.15 BLEACHING OPERATION

3.16 EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON BLEACHING

3.17 EFFECT OF PARTICLE SWIZE ON BLEACHING

3.18 EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF BLEACHING OIL

TEST FOR SPECIFIC GRAVITY

TEST FOR ACID VALUE

TEST FOR SAPONIFICATION VALUE

TEST FOR IODINE VALUE



CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 EXPERIMENTAL RESULT

4.1 EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON BLEACHING

SPECIFIC GRAVITY VALUE

ACID VALUE

SAPONIFICATION VALUE

IODINE VALUE



CHAPTER FIVE

5.1 DISCUSSION

5.2 CONCLUSION/RECOMMENDATION

Introduction

The introduction of this research is only available in the paid version.