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- No of Pages: 70

- No of Chapters: 05

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Introduction:

Abstract

It is quite interesting to know that ultraviolet radiation has become indispensable in table water treatment though more effective with residual treatment.

This work was carried out to compare the efficacy of chemical and ultraviolet radiation methods in table water treatment and purification.

The study was a prospective one.Thereseacher studied three water factories who use different methods of treatment with ultraviolet radiation in table water production. The research covered a period of two months. The first months was the survey period while the second month, the research was actually carried out.

Factory One: (Study population one) combine chloramine and UV radiation.

Factory two: (Study population two) combine activated charcoal and UV radiation.

Factory Three: (Study population three) use UV radiation exclusively.

From each population, sample of untreated water was cultured and used as a control and comparison was done based on individual factory. This was called sample A (untreated water)

From each population, the chemically treated water from each treatment tank was cultured separately (sample B) and then with radiation ( sample c).

The third factory (Population three) use radiation exclusively, therefore to carry out the comparison, 5 litrejerrycan of the untreated water was treated with chlorine in the concentration of 0.3mg/litre of water (EPA) approved dose giving 1.5mg/litre.Both underwent culture separately and comparison was madeTherefore on the whole we had

Sample population One

Sample A (untreated water)

Sample B (Chemically treated water)

Sample C (Chemical with Radiation i.e radiation with residual treatment).

Sample population Two

Sample A (Untreated water)

Sample B (Chemically treated water)

Sample C (Chemical with radiation ie radiation with residual treatment)

Sample Population Three

Sample A (Untreated water)

Sample B (Chemically treated water)

Sample C (Radiation treated only)

The collected data was categorized according to the colonies of micro organisms observed for 0.02ml/vol of water on an agar culture plate. Using a medium called cysteins lactose electrolyte deficient agar This was converted to 1ml/vol of water.

At the end of the one month. The following overall result was collected

Table one: Distribution of untreated water, chemically treated water, radiation with residual treatment water and exclusive radiation treated water

Population Day one

Two weeks Two weeks One month

Untreated water Chemically treated water Radiation with residual treatment Radiation without residual treatment Chemically treated water Radiation with residual treatment Radiation without residual treatment Chemically treated water Radiation with residual treatment Radiation without residual treatment

Population one 4900 75 0 100 0 0 0

Population two 3050 350 100 12350 0 14950 0

Population three 9350 0 1550 12650 8600 12050 18300

Total 17300 11000 100 1550 25100 0 8600 27000 0 18300

The result of this study showed that;

 Radiation with residual treatment is the best in table water treatment as far as microbial content is concerned as it can remain safe as long as one month, under sealed bottle or satchet.

 The work also suggest that if exclusive radiation is to be used in table water treatment, the water should not remain in the shop more than two weeks incase there was failure of filter which could allow the habour of micro organisms in particles that may escape into the treated water, as UV cannot radiate microorganisms not directly exposed to it. The escaped microorganisms if remain in the water will feed on the debris of the dead ones and multiply causing immediate or long term disease in man.

 Use of chemical alone in table water treatment should be discouraged especially chlorine products which are hazardous to human health. If chemical is used along with UV, the concentration will be less. It will only be a support to the UV.

Table of Content

Title Page - - - - - - - - - i

Approval Page - - - - - - - - ii

Certification - - - - - - - - iii

Dedication - - - - - - - - iv

Acknowledgement - - - - - - - v

Abstract - - - - - - - - vi

Table of Contents - - - - - - - viii

List of Tables - - - - - - - - x

Listof Figures - - - - - - - - xi



CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

11. Background of Study - - - - - - 1

1.2 Statement of Problem - - - - - - 4

1.3 Objectives of Study - - - - - - 5

1.4 Significance of Study - - - - - - 5

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 History of water treatment - - - - 6

2.2 Works on water treatment and purification 12

2.3 Theoretical bases of research - - - - - 19

2.4 Sources of water - - - - - - - 23

2.5 Steps in Table Water Treatment and Purification - - 25

2.6 Water Disinfectants - - - - - - 33

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Design - - - - - - 42

3.2 Study Population and Sample Size Sources of data - 42

3.3 Instrument for Data Collection - - - - - 43

3.4 Methods of data collection - - - - - 43

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION

4.1 Data Analysis - - - - - - - 49

4.2 Calculation of Number of Colonies/ml of Water - - 50

4.3 Data Presentation - - - - - - - 54

CHAPTER FIVE

DISCUSSION, SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, RECOMMENDATION, LIMITATION, AREA OF FUTURE RESEARCH AND CONCLUSION

5.1 Discussion - - - - - - - - 62

5.2 Summary of Findings - - - - - - 64

5.3 Recommendations - - - - - - 69

5.4 Limitations - - - - - - - 70

5.5 Area For Further Research - - - - - 70

5.6 Conclusion - - - - - - - - 70

References

Appendixes



LIST OF TABLES



Table 4.1: Distribution of Water in Colonies/0.02ml According to Population - - - - - -49

Table 4.2: Distribution of Untreated Water, Chemically Treated Water,Chemical along with Radiation and Exclusive Radiation treatment- - - - - - 55

Table 4.3: Distribution of Water in Colonies/ml According to Population - - - - - - -56

Table 4.4: Grand Total of all Populations (One, Two, Three). On Three Occasions of Post –Treatment Inoculation of

Water in Colonies/mil of Water - - - - 57

Table 4.5: Distribution of samples of observed water within the period of one month at two weeks interval - - 57



LIST OF FIGURES



Figure I:Showing Treatment Tank in Population I - - 44

Figure II: Ultraviolet Sterilizer In Population II - - - 46

FigureIII: Storage Tank In Population II - - - - 46

FigureIV: Micro Filters In Population III - - - - 47

Figure V: Pie Chart of Observed Samples of Water within the Period of One Month at Two Weeks Interval - 58

Figure VI: Bar Chart of Population I - - - - 59

Figure VII: Bar Chart of Population II - - - - 60

Figure VIII: Bar Chart of Population III - - - - 61

Introduction

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