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Abstract:
Recently, the biosynthesis of Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) from crude extracts and phytochemicals has attracted much attention. This study was carried out to know the inhibitory property of ZnO NPs synthesize with Diodella sarmentosa leaf on staphylococcus aureus dehydrogenase activities. The leaves of diodella sarmentosa was collected from the premises of Federal University of Technology Owerri, the fresh leave was washed under running water and was air-dried and marcereted into homogeneous powder.
Six hundred grams (600g) of the powdered leaf plant extract (Diodella sarmentosa) was dissolved in 3000ml of hot H2O in a beaker and agitated for 24hrs and was filtered using a funnel, test tube and filter paper. The filtrate was collected and using a water bath it was heated until the water evaporated and the molten substance formed was stirred in a sample bottle at 4oc. FTIR spectra analysis shows a peak around 896.3839cm-1 which was assigned to C-CI stretching vibration of Chloro compound and a weak band around 2821.819CM-1 which was assigned to CH stretching vibration of methylene compound. UV-VIS Spectroscopy at wavelength of 300-600nm showed a corresponding peak record. TEM result analysis showed high-resolution transmission images; fast Fourier transforms were obtained from the image to identify the crystalline structure of the individual particle.
The inhibitory properties of Zn NPs were tested against Staphylococcus aureus and the IC50 and R Square results showed: Ciprofloxacin has IC50 of 1.461 to 9.802 and R2 of 0.9887 while ZnO has IC50 of 8.955 to 20.77 and R2 0.9973. Zinc nanoparticles has been shown to have a great inhibitory property on Staphylococcus aureus when synthesize with Diodella sarmentosa.
Key word: ZnO nanoparticle, Diodella sarmentosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Dehydrogenases.
Table of Content:
Table of Contents
CERTIFICATION ii
DEDICATION iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv
INTRODUCTION 8
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY 8
1.1.3 RELEVANCE OF STUDY 11
1.2.1 NANOPARTICLES 12
1.2.2 Types of NanoParticles 12
1.2.3 Antibacterial Activity Analysis of Biosynthesized ZnO NPs 13
1.3 ZINC OXIDE NANOPARTICLE (ZNO) 14
1.3.1 Morphology of zinc oxide nanoparticles 15
1.3.2 Microbial Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of ZnO Nps 16
1.3.3 Toxicity of ZnO 17
1.4 Mechanism of Zinc Oxide Dehydrogenase 18
1.4.1 RISKS OF NANOPARTICLES 19
1.5 STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS 20
1.5.1 Contagious Nature Of Staphylococcus aureus 20
1.5.2 Incubation period of staph infection 21
1.5.3 Signs and symptoms of a staph infection 21
1.5.4 Disease are caused by staphylococcus aureus 22
1.5.5 Antibiotic-resistant S. aureus 24
CHAPTER TWO 28
MATERIALS AND METHOD 28
2.1 MATERIALS 28
2.2.1 Sample Collection and Preparation 28
3.1 RESULTS 32
4.0 DISCUSION AND CONCLUSION 36
4.1 CONCLUSION 36
REFERENCES 38
APPENDIX I 42
Introduction:
Nanoparticles have received remarkable attention in biomedical technology and are extensively used in engineering and medical applications due to their high surface area. Both the metal and metal oxide nanoparticles hold strong antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, which are widely used for the detection of pathogenic microbes and diagnosis of cancer progression (Alok et al., 2016).
Metal oxide nanoparticles such as zinc (Zn), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) oxide nanoparticles at a minimum concentration significantly inhibit microbial growth. ZnO-NPs are commonly used in the production of anti-itch creams, anti-septic lotion, anti-microbial powders, anti-bacterial band-aids, surgical tapes, anti-dandruff lotion, diaper powders, and ceramics (Jin et al., 2018). Various researchers explained the antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of metal nanoparticles, the metal nanoparticles have shown strong antimicrobial properties, in both in vitro and in vivo experiments (Laura et al., 2015). Among various nanoparticles, ZnO has recently received much attention due to its unique properties (wide and direct bandgap (3.3 eV) and large excitation binding energy (60 meV)). ZnO is highly catalytic in nature with photochemical activity (Matei et al., 2018). Generally, ZnO NPs are produced by several physicochemical approaches such as direct homogenous precipitation, hydrothermal and solvothermal reactions, metal decomposition, chemical vapor decomposition, laser irradiation, mechanochemical milling, and molecular beam epitaxy. The chemical synthesis of ZnO NPs involves the consumption of various organic solvents, oxidizing, and reducing agents that are tedious, expensive, and non-ecofriendly (Kalyani et al., 2016).
Hence, there is a need for an alternative approach to synthesize ZnO NPs in an eco-friendly way. In contrast to chemical synthesis, biological nanoparticle synthesis uses microbes, enzymes, fungi, or plants as reducing agents in the production of ZnO NPs (Laura et al., 2015). Based on previous studies, it is understood that ZnO exhibits significant growth inhibition of a broad spectrum of bacteria (Nagarajan et al., 2018). Zinc oxide nanoparticles can also be used as a drug delivery vehicle to deliver various drug molecules to the targeted cells (Laura et al., 2015).
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