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Abstract:

Thequantityofsalt(sodium)thatisexcretedinurineascomparedtothe
amountthatisfilteredandreabsorbedbythekidneyisknownasfractional
excretionofsodium(FENa).Fractionalexcretionofpotassiumisthe
amountofpotassiumthatleavesthebodythroughurinecomparedtothe
amountfilteredandreabsorbedbythekidney(FEK).Ayoungadultmaleor
femalewhohasnormalbloodpressureisreferredtoasbeing
normotensive.Normalbloodpressure(BP)isbetween130mmHgto
85mmHgsystolicanddiastolicBP.Familyhistoryofhypertensionmeans
thereissomeoneinthefamilywhohasorhadhighbloodpressurebefore
theageof60.Thisstudyisaimedatcalculatingthefractionalexcretionof
sodiumandpotassiuminnormotensiveyoungadultmalesandfemales
withfamilyhistoryofhypertension.ATotalof46(23malesand23females)
apparentlyhealthyyoungadultswererecruitedforthisstudyandtheywere
withintheagerangeof18-25years.Theresultobtainedshowedthatthere weresignificantdifferencesinPCV,Systolicbloodpressure(SBP)and
diastolicbloodpressure(DBP)infemaleswhencomparedtomales.Atthe
endofthisstudy,therewerenosignificantdifferencesinFENaandFEK
observedinfemaleswhencomparedtomales.

Table of Content:

TitlePage------------------------------------------------------------------------i
Certification---------------------------------------------------------------------ii
Dedication-----------------------------------------------------------------------iii
Acknowledgement--------------------------------------------------------------iv
TableofContents---------------------------------------------------------------v
ListofFigures-------------------------------------------------------------------vi
Abstract---------------------------------------------------------------------------vii
CHAPTERONE:INTRODUCTION
1.1BackgroundofStudy------------------------------------------------------1
1.2JustificationofStudy------------------------------------------------------3
1.3AimofStudy---------------------------------------------------------------4
1.4ResearchQuestions--------------------------------------------------------4
1.5SpecificObjectives--------------------------------------------------------5
CHAPTERTWO:LITERATUREREVIEW
2.1FractionalExcretionofSodium(FENa)--------------------------------6
2.2FractionalExcretionofPotassium(FEK)------------------------------7
2.3NormotensiveYoungAdultMale---------------------------------------9
2.4NormotensiveYoungAdultFemale------------------------------------10
2.5Hypertension---------------------------------------------------------------10
2.6FamilyHistoryOfHypertension----------------------------------------11
CHAPTERTHREE:MATERIALS/METHODOLOGY
3.0MATERIALS---------------------------------------------------------------------13
3.1ChemicalandReagents---------------------------------------------------13
3.1.2Equipment---------------------------------------------------------------------13
3.2METHODOLOGY
3.2.1ExperimentalProtocol-------------------------------------------------15
3.2.2SampleCollection--------------------------------------------------------15
3.2.3EthicalConsideration---------------------------------------------------15
3.2.4TestforRenalFunction------------------------------------------------16
3.2.5DeterminationofCreatinineLevel--------------------------------16
3.2.6DeterminationofUreaLevel-----------------------------------------17
3.3.1TestforDeterminationofElectrolytes-------------------------18
3.3.2TestforPotassium------------------------------------------------------18
3.3.3TestforSodium-----------------------------------------------------------20
3.4.1EstimationofHematologicalParameter----------------------22
3.4.2EstimationofPackedCellVolume(PCV)---------------------22
3.4.3EstimationofSystolicandDiastolicBloodPressure-----------23
3.4.4EstimationofPulsePressure-----------------------------------------------23
3.4.5EstimationofBodyMassIndex(BMI)----------------------------------23
3.5.1EstimationofUrineParameters-------------------------------------------23
3.5.2EstimationofUrineVolume-----------------------------------------------23
3.5.3EstimationofUrineFlowrate(V)----------------------------------------23
3.5.4EstimationofFractionalExcretionofSodium(FENa)-----------24
3.5.5EstimationofFractionalExcretionofPotassium(FEK)----------24
3.6StatisticalAnalysis--------------------------------------------------------------------24
CHAPTERFOUR
4.1Result-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------26
CHAPTERFIVE
5.1Discussion---------------------------------------------------------------------------------45
5.2Conclusion---------------------------------------------------------------------------------49
REFERENCES------------------------------------------------------------------------------------50
APPENDIX----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------53

Introduction:

Fractionalexcretionofsodiumistheamountofsalt(sodium)thatleaves
thebodythroughurinecomparedtotheamountfilteredandreabsorbedby
thekidney.Fractionalexcretionofpotassiumistheamountofpotassium
thatleavesthebodythroughurinecomparedtotheamountfilteredand
reabsorbedbythekidney.Fractionalexcretionisaprocesswhich
measuresthepercentoffilteredsaltsthatareexcretedintheurine.This
calculationiswidelyusedtohelpdifferentiatepre-renaldiseasesuchas,
thedecreasedrenalperfusionfromacutetubularnecrosisorusedtofind
thecausesofacutekidneyinjuries.