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Farmers-Herders Conflict And Effects On Socio-Economic Development Of Kogi State (A Case Study Of Omala L.G.A. 2016-2019)

Type Project Topics (docx)
Faculty Education
Course Political Science / Fine And Applied Arts
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Key Features:
No of pages: 62
No of Chapters: 5
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Abstract:
One major security and developmental challenge that has attracted much national discourse in the recent past is the conflict between herdsmen and farmers in different parts of the country. The crisis has become a recurring decimal, especially in Kogi State and indeed a time bomb, which appears not to have been given the desired national attention by government at all levels.
Irked by the bizarre dimension herdsmen/farmers conflicts have taken in Nigeria in recent time and Kogi State in particular, this research was carried out with a view to proffering solutions that could arrest the ugly situation and prevent it from becoming a monster like Boko Haram crisis. Thus, this research was carried out to achieve the following objectives: Identify the root causes of herders/farmers conflicts in Kogi State, Examine the security implications of the herders/farmers conflicts in Kogi State among others
The study was a survey research. Three hypotheses were formulated to guide the study. The area of study is Kogi State. Data for the study were generated from primary and secondary sources. The instruments used for data collection were questionnaire and interviews. The population for the study was drawn from farmers, herders, traditional rulers, community leaders and security agents from the study area. The data collected were presented and analyzed using qualitative and quantitative approaches. Descriptive statistics was used with the aid of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16. Findings were made based on the tested significance level of the responses as revealed by the standard deviation analysis. Based on the results of the analysis, the study categorized the causes of herders/farmers conflicts in Kogi state into major and incidental factors. The major factor centered on economic use of land resources while incidental factors include policy framework, deficient response and demographic, ecological/environmental factors. Far-reaching recommendations were made among which were: the need for definite policy enactment on use of land resources as it relates to grazing lands, as well as the establishment of Relative Deprivation for resolving disputes between farmers and herdsmen as the conflict groups (farmers/herders), have lost confidence in the Nigerian judicial system, establishment of ranches, combating desertification and mop up of illicit arms amongst others.
Table of Content:
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------i
Declaration----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ii
Certification---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------iii
Dedication-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------iv
Acknowledgement--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------v
Abstract---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------vi
Table of contents----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------vii
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of study-----------------------------------------------------------------------------1
1.2 Statement of problem----------------------------------------------------------------------------4
1.3 Research question---------------------------------------------------------------------------------7
1.4 Objective--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------7
1.5 Significance of the study --------------------------------------------------------------------8
1.6 Scope and Limitation of the Study---------------------------------------------------------------9
1.7 Definition of terms---------------------------------------------------------------------------------10

CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
2.1 Conceptual Review -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------11
2.1.1 Causes of Crop Farmers and Cattle Herders Conflict-------------------------------------------11
2.1.2 Effects of Crop farmers and Cattle Herders Conflict-----------------------------------------15
2.1.3 Crop Farmers and Cattle Herders’ Conflict Management -------------------------------------17
`2.1.4 Nature of the Resource Use Conflict between Crop Farmers and Cattle Herders---------19
2.1.5 Arable Cropping System in Nigeria. -------------------------------------------------------------20
2.1.6 The Cattle Herding System in Nigeria-----------------------------------------------------------21
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Design------------------------------------------------------------------------------------30
3.2 Souces Of Data-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------30
3.3 Method of Data Collection-----------------------------------------------------------------------31
3.4 Method of Data Analysis-------------------------------------------------------------------------31
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA PRESNTATION AND ANALYSIS
4.1 Data Presentation --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------33
4.2 Data Analysis-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------69
4.3 Discussion of Findings-------------------------------------------------------------------------------87
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Summary----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------44
5.2 Conclusion--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------45
5.3 Contribution of the study to Knowledge---------------------------------------------------------46
5.4 Recommendation------------------------------------------------------------------------------------46
References-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------49
Appendix--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------58
Introduction:
1.1 Background to the Study
Land is probably the most important resource needed by Man for his day-to-day existence. All human livelihoods and activities are directly or indirectly dependent on land at varying thresholds. But land connotes different meanings to the various user groups. For instance, builders, manufacturers, fishermen, miners, hunters and farmers have different specifications in their requirements for land for their production/services. Out of all user groups, agricultural production perhaps exhibits the highest form of sophistication in its use of land. Not only must agricultural land be capable of supplying crop-specific nutrients and water; soil temperature, structure, texture, and PH levels are inevitable requisites in the choice of land for agricultural production activities. Yet, the land is a limited, somewhat scarce resource with both artificial and natural access and usage barriers (Rashid 2012).

These factors of specifications, multifarious uses of land, and its limitedness have necessitated that various shades of competition for its utilization must ensue. Thus, competition for land between and within various user groups has been the bane of mankind since time immemorial. Non-agricultural user groups compete with agricultural user groups on one hand, while there are various levels of intra-user group competition on the other. Indeed, competition for land use is becoming keener and fiercer, largely due to increasing human and animal populations (Richard 1976). It has been illustrated that the increasing population growth rate has continued to exert great pressure on available land resources with varying environmental and socioeconomic implications (Fiki and Lee, 2004).

Agriculture is the mainstay of the northern Nigeria economy, even though there are other mineral resources. The sustainability of agriculture in northern Nigeria's economy requires strategic balance in the ecological and socio-economic activities as well as political considerations. Abbass (2012) found that in northern Nigeria, rainfall occurs seasonally with a pronounced dry season. The seasonal rainfall and prolonged dry season bring about dynamics in the ecosystem and sour relationships resulting in a sharp division between the sedentary farmers and the nomadic pastoralists. This division between the groups brings tension and conflict.

Farmer-herdsmen conflict has remained the most preponderant resource-use conflict in Nigeria (Rashid 2012). Fulani and farmers co-existed for a long period but such coexistence has never been without tension because it demands a conciliation of rival interests. Conflict can erupt when livestock is poorly controlled and when herds wander onto cultivated fields. This has always had a tendency to occur at critical periods in the annual cycle, particularly during sowing when herds are late in leaving agricultural lands and during harvests if they return too early. Clashes occur when agricultural activities hinder the movement of herds and cut off their access to water or pastures (Shetima and Usman 2008).

The conflict appears to be an international feature of human societies, therefore is likely to occur at any time and anywhere. Conflicts offer a mixture of the good, the bad, and the uncertain. On the positive side, conflict notifies the society that serious problems exist that is not being handled by the traditional organization. It forces the recognition of those problems and encourages the development of new solutions to them. Abubakar (2012), believed that conflict allows people to express important issues, they produce new creative ideas; they release and built-up tensions.

Wherever handled properly, conflicts can strengthen relationships, they can help groups and organizations to reevaluate and clarify goals and missions, and they can also initiate social change to eliminate inequalities and injustice. But perhaps more familiar is the negative side of the conflict. Heated exchange spiral out of control, resulting in frustration, tension, hard feelings, and ultimately more conflicts. Ekong (2003) also enumerated that conflict may have positive and negative effects. In positive effect, people may not know that certain nagging issue exists. Thus, conflict leads to a clear definition of the issue. Once such issues have been identified, they can then be amicably resolved. Conflict is ubiquitous in human society.
Olabode and Ajibade (2010), said that the average increase of global war is predominantly in the third world nations among which Nigeria is one, since independence from Britain in 1960, Nigeria has recorded major conflicts; the civil (the Biafra war) and several intra-national wars in different parts of the country.

Conflicts in Nigeria are of diverse types and have been on the rapid increase since after the civil war of 1967-1970. This had led to the explosion of 700 pastoralists from Borno state in the northeast in May 2009 and some 2000 from Plateau in April. Conflict is largely a phenomenon of a plural society. In Nigeria, the conflict has become a very widespread occurrence; manifesting in all spheres of human endeavours. It often arises because of competition over access to or control over scarce resources or opportunities‟. Conflict is defined in different ways by different scholars for instance; Jarry and Jarry (2000) see conflict as the overt struggle between individuals or groups within a society, or between nation-states.
Hogan (2006) defined conflict as a direct and conscious struggle between individuals or groups for the same goal. Conflict is also defined as “the interaction of interdependent people who perceive incompatible goals and interference from each other in achieving those goals” (Hocker and Wilmot 1985).
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