Abstract

This study is based on immunization programme in Etsako west local government area of Edo state. The purpose of this study is to ascertain the factors affecting the implementation of national programme on immunization in Etsako west local government area of Edo state. According to the world health organization, (WHO) the incidence of the eight deadly diseases namely poliomyelitis, diphtheria, tetanus, tuberculosis, yellow fever, hepatitis B, measles that easily kill children between 0-59 months of age are on the increase in many countries including Nigeria as a country. Etsako west local government area of Edo state is not left out and is yet to achieve hundred percent target responses since inceptisl in Nigeria in 1974. From the foregoing therefore, the researcher was prompted to work on this project with the following hypotheses.
1. The awareness and responses to immunization programme in Etsako west local government area of Edo state
2. The attitude of the people in the locality towards immunization programme i.e if they consider it important.
3. The relationship between the health workers and the people in the locality and the people immunization programme..
4. how the introduction of vaccine has actually reduce infant mortality rate in Etsako West
5. It is important for all children to be immunized before the age of 5 years in the locality.
6. Do people see immunization and vaccination at a regular interval helped to fight epidemic in Etsako West.
7. The need to immunization children and women of child bearing in Etsako West.
8. the effect of shortage of health personnel as compared to the Estako West
The researcher carried out the study on the responses of people to immunization in Etsako west local government area of Edo state. The subject selected for the study were mostly health personnel’s women especially those that visit the health centre and clinics including men whose residence are within the geographical location of this study various methods were employed in collecting data which include oral interview questionnaire, written interview and observation that were analyzed with use of percentage and discussed of finding. Conclusively, the researcher revealed that, there should be adequate dissemination of information to all citizens especially to the rural areas. Also the importance or benefits should be well stressed to the communities. If the objectives of national programme on immunization could be achieved.

Table of Content

Title of page…………………………………………………………….…….ii
Certification……………………………………………………………….….iii
Dedication……………….…………………………………………………….iv
Acknowledge………………………………………………………………….v
Abstract………………………………………………………………..………vi

CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction…………………………………………………………..1
1.1 Historical backgrounds…………………………..……………….8
1.2 Geography and population………………..…………………..8
1.3 Topography………………………………………………………………9
1.4 Climate and vegetation………………………….……………….9
1.5 People………………………………………………………………………9
1.6 Occupations………………………………………………………..…..9
1.7 Health facilities……………………………………………….…….10
18 Statement of problem……………………………………….…..10
1.9 Purpose of study…………………………………………………..12
1.10 Specific objective …………………………………….………..13
1.11 Hypothesis…………………………………………………………..14
1.12 Significance of he study……………………………………..15
1.13 Scope of the study………………………………………………16
1.14 Limitation of study…………………………..……………..….17
1.15 Definition of terms………………………………………………18
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Review of related literature ……………………..………...21
2.1 Relevance of related interview to the study…………30
2.2 Good/objectives of national programme on immunization……………………………………………………………….31
2.3 Immunization. 5 years population and coverage…32
2.4 Strategies and activities……………………………………….35
2.5 Prevention of childhood diseases…………………………35
2.6 Identification of national programme on immunization……………………………………………………………….37
2.7 Conclusion and summary……………………………………..42
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Methods and procedure………………………………………..45
3.1 Methods of data collection………………….………………..45
3.2 Population and sample size………………..………………..46
3.3 Oral interviews……………………………………..……………….47
3.4 Questionnaires…………………………………….………………..47
3.5 Sample questionnaires………………………………………….47

CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Data analysis and discussion findings…………….……51
4.1 Distributions within the sample ……………………………52
4.2 Problem one………………………………….……………………….53
4.3 Immunization awareness between urban area and neighbouring villages…………………….……………………………54
4.4 Problems two…………………………..…………………………..54
4.5 Importance of immunization…………………………………55
4.6 Problem three………………………………….…………………….55
4.7 Payment for vaccines and services……..……………….56
4.8 Problem four…………………………………….…….………..…..56
4.9 Vaccination and infant death rate………………………..57
4.10 problems Six……………………………………………………….57
4.11 Importance of immunization to children below 5 years of age………………………………………………………………..58
4.12 Problem Seven…………………………………………………….58
4.13 Vaccinations at intervals reduce frequency of epidemics………………………………………………………….………….59
4.14 problem eight………………………………………………………59
4.15 Immunization are meant for both children and women of child bearing age…………………………….………….60

4.16 Problem nine……………………………………………………..61
4.17 Personnel present compared with health centers in the L.G.A……………………………………………………………………..61

CHAPTER FIVE
Summary, Recommendation and Conclusion…………..65
5.0 Summary……………………………………….……………..65
5.1 Recommendation…………………………………………..66
5.2 Conclusion………………………………………………………69
5.3 References

Introduction

World widely, the concept of primary health care (PHC) originated from the concern which many world health organization (WHO) member countries showed about providing their rural and urban medication underserved population with essential health care. The almata declaration of 1978 UNICEF/WHO, 1978 defined primary health care as “essential health care based on practical, scientifically sound and socially acceptably methods and technology made universally accessible to individual and families in the community through their full participation and at a cost that the community and country can afford to maintain at every stage of their development in the spirit of reliance and self determination. It forms an integral part both of the country’s health system of which is the central functions and main focus and of the overall social and economic development of the community. During the same conference, eight essential components of the primary health care were identified and one of these components was “immunization against the major infectious diseases”, to achieve health for all by the year 2000.
The world health organization (WHO) established the expanded programme on immunization (EPI) in 1971. the inclusion of immunization against the major infectious disease as one of the component of primary health care in the almata document of 1978 was a re-affirmation of the need to combat preventable diseases, especially in developing countries including Nigeria using vaccines. The expanded programme on immunization (EPI) thus had two major long term goals (WHO) 1976
(1) To immunize at least 80% of the susceptible population of children between ages of 0-24 month by 1990.
(2) To establish adequate surveillance system for the target diseases and the monitoring and evaluation system of expanded programme on immunization activities. Preventable diseases exact a tremendous tool in childhood illness, death and disability in the developing countries.
In July 1996, the programme was renamed national programme on immunization (NPI) to emphasize the country’s ownership of the programme. This was established under the national programme on immunization (NPI) decree of 12th august 1997 as a prostate of the federal ministry of health. World health organization has estimated that five million children die each year from the eight national programme on immunization target diseases. The programme is designed to protect children from 0-59 months against the occurrence of the following deadly diseases such as:
1. Poliomyelitis
2. Diphtheria
3. Tetanus
4. Tuberculosis
5. Yellow fever
6. Hepatitis B
7. Measles
Service delivery system will be a key component to be addressed in order to improve routine immunization services. Other areas of focus include update of current immunization policy to include safety of injection and waste disposal management issues. Training of immunization personnel rehabilitation and expansion of vaccine supply and distribution, strengthening of surveillance system advocacy and social mobilization, collaboration with private sector will also be fostered. The inter-agency co-ordinating committee (ICC) will expand to include more members and will take part in mobilizing resources as well as monitoring plan, implementation and fund utilization. Yearly target for immunization coverage had been seen that will allow evaluation of the progress made.
The estimated budget for the implementation of the planned activities in US $678,501.11s.
However the annual plans derived from 5-years plan will provide more accurate figures for the yearly implementation of the programme activities.
In Etsako West Local Government of Edo States, national programme on immunization has progressed for fourteen years now. However, a number of constraints have slowed down the implementation of NPI. Some of these, according to the federal ministry of health and the state ministry of health include
1. Low level of awareness
2. Inadequate funding
3. Inadequate vaccine
4. Lack of adequate publicity and coverage
5. Inadequate staffing
6. Very little multisectional collaboration
7. Physical inaccessibility
8. Inadequate community participation
9. Poor supervision
10. Transportation
This research was therefore focused on identifying those factors that have been affecting the implementation of NPI in Etsako west local government area from the period of its inception in 1991 up to July 2011.

The national programme on immunization particular reference to the basic strategies outlined for a successful implementation of NPI at the state and local government area levels.
The following area are;
1. Funding
2. Community participation
3. Training
4. Multi sectoral or management
5. Extent of health education
6. Supervisory
Were critically examined to see it they have been contributory factors to the implementation NPI in Etsako west local government area. The five year immunization figures by antigen were examined to ascertain performance so far in the local government area paying particular attention to the 2011 national immunization days (NIF 2011) campaign figures for Etsako west local government area as campaign have been found to enhance some immunization factors in (NPI) notably multi sectoral co-operation and community participation.

Factors Affecting The Implementation Of National Programme On Immunization In Etsako West Local Government Area Of Edo State

Key Features

Table of Content

Introduction