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- No of Pages: 49

- No of Chapters: 05

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Introduction:

Abstract

This research was carried out to characterize the variety of the breast lesion seen during mammography at UNTH and to establish the age distribution of the lesion at the time of presentation.

This research is non descriptive study,222 secondary data was obtained from the patient request card and patient mammography result.

This result shows that benign tumor is more common in our locality and it sub classified into fibroadenoma, cyst, lipoma mastitis, and it is presented at age of 41-45.this shows that benign tumor is more common in early age than malignant tumor which is presented at the late age.

The above findings shows that variety of breast lesion is seen in our locality and all hand should be on deck to ensure that its incidence death rate is reduced.

Table of Content

Title Page……………………………………………………………. i

Certification…………………………………............................ ii

Dedication………………………………………………………….. iii

Acknowledgement………………………………………………… iv

Abstract…………………………………………………………….. v

Table of content…………………………………………………… vi

CHAPTER ONE

Introduction………………………………………………………… 1

1.1 Statement of problem………………………………………… 3

1.2 Purpose of the study…………………………………………. 3

1.3 Significant of the study……………………………………… 3

1.4 Scope of the study……………………………………………. 3

1.5 Literature Review………………………………………………. 4

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 The anatomy of the breast…………………………………… 9

2.1 Size and shape of the breast…………………………………. 9

2.2 Location of the breast………………………………………….. 9

2.3 Commonest site for breast lesions………………………….. 10

2.4 Clinical presentations of breast lesions……………………… 10

2.5 Benign breast lesions can be characterized ………………. 12

2.6 Malignant lesions can be characterized …………………. 16

2.7 Breast cancer seen in mammogram has the stages……… 18

2.8 Implications of breast screening program on mammogram.19

2.9 How it works………………………………………………………… 20

2.10 Criticisms of mammography…………………………………… 21

2.11 How ultrasound evaluate abnormal changes in mammography…………………………………………………………… 21

2.12 How magnetic resonance imaging evaluate abnormal changes in Mammography……………………………………….. 22

2.13 Indications for using MRI for screening…................... 23

2.14 How computed tomography evaluate abnormal changes on mammogram…………………………………………………………… 23

2.15 The use of biopsy to evaluate abnormal change on mammography………………………………………………………… 24

2.16 There are two procedures during biopsy………………… 24

2.17 Breast biopsy with an ABBI (advanced Breast biopsy instrumentation)……………………………………………………… 25

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 Research design…………………………………………………… 27

3.1 Source of data……………………………………………………… 27

3.2 Sample size………………………………………………………… 27

3.3 Method of data collection………………………………………… 27

3.4 Data analysis……………………………………………………… 27

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 Data presentation and analysis ……………………………… 28

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 Discussion…………………………………………………………… 34

5.1 Conclusion…………………………………………………………… 36

5.2 Recommendation…………………………………………………… 36

5.3 Limitation……………………………………………………………. 37

5.4 References…………………………………………………………… 38

Introduction

Cancer can be defined as an abnormal and uncontrolled growth of cell in any part of the body. Breast cancer is a cancer that affects the breast. The vast majority of breast cancer occurs in women, although man can develop breast cancer too but it is prognosis is

rare. A breast tumor is considered as benign if it is limited to a few cell layers and does not invade surrounding tissue or organs. When the tumor spread to the surrounding tissue or organs, it is considered as malignant.Cancer of the breast is the commonest female malignancies in Nigeria 1,2,3,4. It is the leading cause of cancer related death5 and account for almost one in every five of all cancer related death among women.There are widely used effective screening techniques that enhance early detection of breast cancer. These screening techniques include mammography, MRI, thermography and radionuclide imaging.

Mammography though with its limitations has remained the best and most reliable procedure for early breast cancer detection, this is due to its availability and cost. Mammography is the soft tissue examination of the breast. The invention of these techniques has actually simulated application of other procedures to breast lesion detection. These screening techniques detect the early stage of breast cancer, that pre-invasive stage, the symptom free stage, the carcinoma-in situ and the curable stage of breast cancer. Breast lesions are dreadful only when the detection and treatment is late. Radiographer and radiologist are expected to be familiar with the mammography appearance of a variety of unusual breast lesions7. These lesions include systemic diseased e.g. collagen vascular disease, vasculitis, hyperparathyroidism, stectocystoma multiplex, rare benign tumor (e.g. fibromatosis, extra-abdominal desmoids tumor, granular cell tumor) hamartoma (Fibrroadenolipoma), phyllode tumor (cystosarcoma phyilodes), uncommon primary malignant tumors (e.g. lymphoma, sarcoma and carcinosarcoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma), and metastatic lesions.

The most common breast problems for which women and few men consult a physician are breast pain, nipple discharge and palpable mass.

Breast lesions seen in mammography include lumps, benign tumor, and malignant (metastasis) tumor.

Breast carcinoma is very dreadful disease, therefore there is need that it should be detected at an earlier stage when it prognosis are still high. There has not been any work in our locality on characterization of breast lesion seen on mammography hence, this research intends to characterize and comprehensively document the breast lesions that are seen in our locality and the age of presentation. This will help in selecting the most appropriate treatment option for the lesions.