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Bacteriological Analysis Of Borehole Water In Owerri West Area Of Imo State, Nigeria

Type Project Topics (docx)
Faculty Sciences
Course Science Laboratory Technology
Price ₦4,000
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Key Features:
- No of Pages: 66
- No of Chapters: 5
- Auto generated table of content
- Preliminary pages
- Images
- Tables
- Full research conducted
- APA Reference style
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Abstract:
ABSTRACT
Bacteriological assessment of the quality of borehole water samples from Nekede and Eziobodo communities of Owerri West, Imo State, Nigeria was conducted to determine their quality and suitability by Spread Plate Method. Forty (40) samples of borehole water were gotten from forty different lodges and families living in these areas and were analyzed for microbial parameters using spread plate method. The result of microbial analysis revealed that all the water had total coliform count as shown in table( ), which shows that some of the borehole water samples exceeded the WHO standard of 0 coliform counts/100ml. Isolates were further identified by routine laboratory techniques. Escherichia coli was predominant in 16(25.4%) of Borehole water samples. Other isolates include Staphylococcus aureus 9(14.3%), Aeromonas spp, 1(1.6%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 7(11.1%), and Enterococcus faecalis 40(63.5) each in the total samples. The result indicates that there is a recent or a continuous fecal pollution arising from poor hygiene, sanitation and failure of treatment processes, proving that it does not meet the WHO drinking water standard for portability.
Table of Content:
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CERTIFICATION ii
DEDICATION iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv
ABSTRACT vi
LIST OF FIGURE vii
LIST OF TABLES viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ix
Chapter 1 1
INTRODUCTION 1
CHAPTER 2 5
LITERATURE REVIEW 5
2.0 BACKGROUND STUDY 5
2.1 WATERBORNE DISEASES 6
2.1.1. WATER QUALITY AND HEALTH 8
2.2 THE MICROBIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF WATER 9
2.2.1 Heterotrophic plate counts 11
2.2.2 Total coliform bacteria 12
2.2.3 Faecal coliform bacteria 13
2.2.4 Escherichia coli bacteria 13
2.2.5 Feacal enterococci bacteria 14
2.3 HUMAN AND ANIMAL FAECAL POLLUTION IN WATER 15
2.4 SOURCE WATER SUPPLIES 15
2.4.1 WATER COLLECTION FROM THE SOURCE WATER SUPPLY 16
2.4.2 Interventions to improve source water supplies 19
2.5 POINT-OF-USE WATER SUPPLIES IN THE HOUSEHOLD 20
2.5.1 Interventions to improve point-of-use water supplies in the household 26
2.5.2 Sustainability of point-of-use interventions 29
2.6 SUMMARY 29
Chapter 3 32
Materials and Methods 32
3.0 Sample Collection 32
3.1 Methods 32
3.2 Preparation of media and diluents 32
3.3. Preparation of samples and inoculation 32
3.4 Determination of microbial population 33
3.5. Characterization and identification of microbial isolates 33
3.6 GRAM STAINING TEST 33
3.7 SPORE STAINING TEST 33
3.8 MOTILITY TEST 34
3.9 BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF BACTERIA ISOLATES 34
3.9.1 CATALASE TEST 34
3.9.2 COAGULASE TEST 34
3.9.3 OXIDASE TEST 35
3.9.4 SUGAR FERMENTATION/OXIDATION 35
3.9.5 HYDROGEN SULPHIDE PRODUCTION (H2S) TEST 36
3.9.6 UREASE TEST 36
3.9.7 IMViC TEST 36
Chapter 4 38
Results/ discussions and conclusions. 38
4.1 Results/discussion. 38
4.2 CONCLUSION 48
REFERENCES 49
Introduction:
INTRODUCTION
Water is a chemical substance with the formula H2O (Evans et al., 2004). Its molecules contain one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms connected by covalent bonds. Water is a tasteless and odourless liquid at ambient temperature and pressure, and appears colourless, although it has its own intrinsic very light blue hue. Water sometime referred to as the universal solvent has many unique chemical and physical properties such as:
Melting point - O'C
Boiling paint - 1OO'C
Density - 0.998g/cm3 (liquid at 20•‹c), 0.92~/cm~solid)
Viscosity - 0.01792 poise (dyne - second per em2) at O'C
Surface tension against air at O'C - 75.6 dynes per cm
Specific Heat - 1.0000 cal per gram -degree centigrade
Dielectric constant - 80
Water plays an important role in the structure and function of the human body and remains the medium for biological and chemical processes in all living things. Water covers 70.9% of the Earth surface and is vital for all known form of life. On Earth, it is found mostly in Oceans and other large water bodies, Central Intelligent Agency, (CIA, 2008). Water in its pure state is acclaimed key to health and the general contention is that it is more basic than all other essential things to life. (Edungbola and Asaolu, 2004).
Potable water is an essential ingredient for good health and the socio-economic development of man. The National Agency for food and drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC) regulations agree with the World Health Organization (WHO) standards for portable water.
Borehole is a hydraulic structure which when properly designed and constructed permits the economic withdrawal of water from an aquifer and its water serves as the major source of drinking water in the local population of Nigeria, since only very few can afford and rely on purified and treated bottled water for consumption. Owners of borehole capitalize on this opportunity to commercialize their borehole which many resort to buying the borehole water for drinking, since it is cheaper for them to afford. The people of Owerri west (Nekede and Eziobodo communities), in the city of Imo State, Nigeria, depend on the groundwater through borehole. But apart from the essential role played by water in supporting human life, it also has, if polluted, a great potential for transmitting a wide variety of diseases. According to Adebawore, et al (2016), In developing countries like Nigeria where dangerous and highly toxic industrial and domestic waste are disposed of by dumping them on the road sides, into rivers and streams, into gutter with total disregard for aquatic lives and rural dwellers, water now becomes an important medium for the transmission of enteric diseases in most communities of the world. In Owerri west Local Government Area, certain anthropogenic activity like the improper waste disposal and the drilling of boreholes close to a soak away can contribute to ground water pollution. This area suffers from non-provision of potable water supply. The inhabitants are therefore depending largely on private borehole water supply which is of doubtful quality.
Groundwater contamination is one of the least recognized environmental problems. This may be due to lack of awareness because groundwater problems are not readily detected and pathways for contamination are not as noticeable as those affecting surface water. (Ukpong E.C and B. B. Okon, 2013). Larry, (2006), suggested, that ground water contamination is the leading worldwide cause of deaths and diseases, and that it accounts for the deaths of more than 14,000 people daily, which majority of them is children under 5 years old. Public water supply in the area under study is grossly inadequate and the inhabitants have been compelled to depend on private borehole water supply whose quality is doubtful.

Illnesses ensue from consumption of water contaminated by pathogenic bacteria, viruses, parasites, algae and protozoa, including other aquatic micro-lives. Such illnesses may include diarrhoea, salmonellosis (typhoid and paratyphoid fevers), cholera and dysentery. These may present symptoms like nausea, stomach cramps, vomiting, low grade fevers which may begin from two to ten days after drinking the contaminated water. Some pathogenic viruses can also be waterborne, notably those of poliomyelitis, hepatitis A and rotavirus. The consequences of these enteric diseases are that the quality of life in the area (Owerri west Local Government Area) will be low.
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