Key Features:
- No of Pages: 51
- No of Chapters: 5
- Preliminary pages
- Images
- Tables
- Full research conducted
- Appendix
- APA6 Referencing Style
Abstract:
The aim of this study was to assess the use of radiological equipment and its efficiency in the treatment of diseases in Owerri Municipal Council. The study was conducted through a survey of healthcare facilities in the council, interviews with healthcare professionals, and a review of medical records. The results of the study showed that the use of radiological equipment was widespread in the treatment of various diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and musculoskeletal disorders. The equipment was found to be efficient in the diagnosis and treatment of these conditions, with high levels of accuracy and reliability. However, the study also identified several challenges, including a lack of trained personnel and inadequate maintenance of the equipment, which can affect its efficiency. The study recommends the establishment of training programs for healthcare professionals and the implementation of proper maintenance protocols to ensure the continued effectiveness of radiological equipment in the treatment of diseases in Owerri Municipal Council.
Table of Content:
Table of Content 2
CHAPTER ONE 4
INTRODUCTION 4
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY 4
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM 6
1.3 AIM 6
1.4 OBJECTIVES 6
1.5 SIGNIFICANCY OF STUDY 7
1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY 7
CHAPTER TWO 8
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 8
2.1 RADIOLOGY 8
2.2 Radiography (X-ray) 8
2.2.1 History of X-ray 9
2.2.2 Fast facts on X-rays 10
2.2.3 X RAY FILM 10
2.3 Radioisotopes in Medicine 11
2.4 RADIATION 11
2.4.0 TYPES OF RADIATION 11
2.5 Non-ionizing Radiation 13
2.5.0 Sources of Radiation 14
2.5.1 Symptoms of Excessive Radiation 14
2.5.2 ADVANTAGES OF RADIATION 15
2.5.3 Disadvantages of Radiation 17
2.5.4 Prevention/Management of Radiation among Medical Imaging Professionals 17
2.6 List of radiological Equipment 20
2.6.1 ULTRASOUND 20
2.7 Mammography 23
2.8 Image intensifier 24
2.9 CAT scanning 24
2.9.1 Error of CT Scan: 25
2.10 Nuclear magnetic resonance 26
2.11 PET scanning 26
2.13 Without proper radiological services: 28
2.14 How to improve the efficiency of radiological equipment in diagnosis of diseases 28
2.15 About Owerri Municipal 29
2.16 History 30
Area of Study 30
CHAPTER THREE 31
MATERIALS AND METHODS 31
3.1 MATERIALS 31
3.2 Method 31
3.3 Population of the Study 31
3.4 Research Design 32
3.5 Sample Size 32
3.6 Sample and Sampling Techniques 32
3.7 Instrument for Data collection 32
3.8 Method of Data Analysis 32
3.9. Result Analysis 33
3.9.1 Statistical analysis 33
3.10 Research Hypothesis 33
3.11 Ethical Considerations 33
CHAPTER FOUR 34
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 34
Chapter Five 46
5.1 Conclusion 46
5.2 Recommendations 46
REFERENCES 47
Introduction:
There is widespread awareness of the use of radiation and radioisotopes in medicine, particularly for diagnosis (identification) and therapy (treatment) of various medical conditions. In developed countries (a quarter of the world population) about one person in 50 uses diagnostic nuclear medicine each year, and the frequency of therapy with radioisotopes is about one-tenth of this. (Johnson et al, 2011).
The attributes of naturally decaying atoms, known as radioisotopes, give rise to several applications across many aspects of modern day life.
New knowledge in imaging is being developed at an increasingly rapid rate. The field of radiology has expanded dramatically. The range of radiology covers diseases from the foetus through to the multi-morbid aging population, from prostate to the pituitary gland and from pancreatic neoplasia to bone dysplasia. (Tyrrell, Pourzand and Zhong, 2003).
Nuclear medicine uses radiation to provide information about the functioning of a person's specific organs, or to treat disease. In most cases, the information is used by physicians to make a quick diagnosis of the patient's illness. The thyroid, bones, heart, liver, and many other organs can be easily imaged, and disorders in their function revealed. In some cases radiation can be used to treat diseased organs or tumors. Five Nobel Laureates have been closely involved with the use of radioactive tracers in medicine. (Johnson et al, 2011).
Over 10,000 hospitals worldwide use radioisotopes in medicine, and about 90% of the procedures are for diagnosis. The most common radioisotope used in diagnosis is technetium-99 (Tc-99), with some 40 million procedures per year, accounting for about 80% of all nuclear medicine procedures worldwide.(Johnson et al, 2011).
In developed countries (26% of world population) the frequency of diagnostic nuclear medicine is 1.9% per year, and the frequency of therapy with radioisotopes is about one-tenth of this. In the USA there are over 20 million nuclear medicine procedures per year, and in Europe about 10 million. In Australia there are about 560,000 per year, 470,000 of these using reactor isotopes. The use of radiopharmaceuticals in diagnosis is growing at over 10% per year.(Johnson et al, 2011).
The global radioisotope market was valued at $9.6 billion in 2016, with medical radioisotopes accounting for about 80% of this, and it is poised to reach about $17 billion by 2021. North America is the dominant market for diagnostic radioisotopes with close to half of the market share, while Europe accounts for about 20%.(Johnson et al, 2011).
Nuclear medicine was developed in the 1950s by physicians with an endocrine emphasis, initially using iodine-131 to diagnose and then treat thyroid disease. In recent years specialists have also come from radiology, as dual positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) procedures have become established, increasing the role of accelerators in radioisotope production. However, the main radioisotopes such as Tc-99m cannot effectively be produced without reactors.(Johnson et al, 2011).
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