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Introduction:

Abstract

It is generally known that cement id produced from limestone, mar/clay and gypsum by the following three basic process- wet semi- wet aid dry process.



The cost of exploiting the limestone: the major raw material constitute about 50% of the production cost which results in the high cost of cement. It therefore becomes imperative to bring down the cost of cement by investigating into alternative source of raw material for cement production and hence this project.



From literature, rice husk ash, Ukpo day,& Nsu day contain the basic mineral constituents which limestone has. Rice husk was burnt temperatures of 5000c, 6000c, 7000c, and 8000c. The best ash was obtained at a temperature of 7000c,. the above material were also analyzed to determine their mineral constituents. The result shown that rice husk contains little aluminum (Al203) and no lime (Ca0). To make up for these mineral constituents, Upo day which is rich in aluming was blended with lime(Ca0)-a bye product from gas plant and the three minerals were blended using the method of lime saturation factor. A blending ratio of 70% lime 20% PHA and 10% Alumina mixture (Ukpo day) was used. The mixture was mixed dry by dry process and burnt in a furnace at a temperature of 12000c. the resulting mass known as dinker was ground with 5% gypsum. The cement obtained gave a comprehensive strength of 2N/mr2.

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Introduction

1.1 BACKGROUND

OF THE STUDY



Cement is a complete mixture of mineral substances that

gradually harden when mixed with water.

It is the product of the reaction of lime with the oxides of silica

alumina and iron. It is used in the

construction of industry as a blending material. Some builders regard it as the key

engineering material for construction purposes.

many allied construction materials such as asbestos, culverts concrete

seals, concrete poles, cement blocks etc are derived from cement and they also

play very important roles in the construction industry.



For the average Nigeria, a major life ambition is to own

a living house cement, a key raw material has ruined to ‘Gold’ as has become a

topical issue. Just like iron, steel and

petrochemical, cement is equally a major spring board for

industrialization. This quest for

industrialization has resulted to increase in demand with the consequent

increase in the cost of cement.



One of the reasons adduced for the exorbitant cost of

cement is the scarcity of raw material.

This situation arises as a result

of its fast depletion which is not replaced.



Another reason adduced for the exorbitant cost of cement

is the high cost of the exploration and exploitation of the raw material. To mine the chief raw material for the

manufacture of cement- limestone requires a lot of machines, plants and

explosives. A lot of money is also paid

as compensation to the communities that own the land. All these expenditures lead to the high cost

of cement. This study was therefore to

investigate alternative source of raw material for the production of cement.



These investigation was geared towards industrial waste

and Agricultural residues. Agricultural

residues are composed of organic constituents such as cellulose, lignin, fibre

and small amounts of crude protein and fat.

In addition, they contain a rage of minerals which silica, Alumina and

iron oxide. The residue itself cannot be

used as cement replacement and it is the ash that is obtained form the preprocessing

that is of interest. Two factors require

for constituents of the ash. The ash

content is important because it indicates the amount of reside which need to be

burnt; that is the yield. D..J COOK (1980) states that rice husk have shown by

far the greater yield of ash than other plants like sorghum, corn leaf blade,

Bamboo nodes, (Inner portion) bangasse, lantana leaf and stem and rice straw.



For every 1000kg of rice husk burnt, 200kg of ash are

produced. Hence it is not surprising

that rice husk emerged as the agricultural that with the greatest potential as

cement replacement material.



One the other hand, lime is a by product of gas

companies. It is readily available at no

cost.



The utilization of these raw material for cement product

production is very alternative in developing countries like ours. This is because it does not only reduce

demand on Portland cement but it also provides cement in rural areas of the

country especially in rice growing areas which rice husk is found in large

quantities and constitute environmental nuisance