Key Features:
- No of Pages: 63
- No of Chapter - 5
- Graphical Representations
- Tables
Abstract:
This is a work on the removal of methylene blue dye from their solution with the use of oil bean pods. The oil bean pods were sourced locally. The adsorption isotherm models used were Henry, Langmuir I, Langmuir II, Langmuir III, Langmuir IV, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin Radushkevich. The result from the models shows that Henry isotherm model fits better for the adsorption of the dye with Oil bean pods. Results obtained showed that adsorption followed second order kinetics. Thermodynamic data for enthalpy (ΔH) for the adsorption of the dye shows that adsorption was endothermic. The entropy result indicates that there is an increase in randomness at the solid liquid interface. Free energy change shows that adsorption for the dye at temperatures of 298, 323, 343 and 373 were spontaneous and feasible.
Table of Content:
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page ii
Certification iii
Dedication iv
Acknowledgement v
Abstract vi
Table of content vii
List of table
List of figures
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction 1
1.1 Aim of study 4
1.2 Objectives of the study 4
1.3 Scope of study 5
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature review 6
2.1 Dyes 12
2.1.1 Types of dyes 13
2.2 Adsorption 14
2.3 Types of adsorption 15
2.3.1 Physical adsorption or physiosorption 16
2.3.2 Chemical adsorption or chemisorption 17
2.4 Adsorption Isotherm 17
2.5 Thermodynamics of adsorption 20
2.6. Adsorption kinetics 21
2.6.1 Lagergrens pseudo first order kinetics 22
2.6.2 Pseudo 2nd order kinetics 27
2.7 Applications of Adsorption 23
2.8 Factors affecting adsorption 25
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Materials and methods 28
3.1 Apparatus and Equipment 28
3.2 Reagents used 28
3.3 Sourcing of sample 28
3.4 Adsorbent and Adsorbate preparation 28
3.5 Preparation of stock solution 29
3.6 Modification of the stock solution 29
3.7 Proximate Analysis 29
3.7.1 Determination of Ash content 29
3.7.2 Determination of Moisture content 30
3.7.3 Carbon content/ volatile solid 30
3.7.4 Determination of surface area 31
3.8 FT-IR Spectra Experiment 31
3.9 Procedures used for the Adsorption 31
CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 Proximate analysis 33
4.2 Result of the FTIR analysis 34
4.3 Equilibrium isotherm study 36
4.4 Kinetic study 42
4.5 Thermodynamic study 45
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Conclusion and Recommendation 47
5.1 Conclusion 47
5.2 Recommendation 47
References 48
Appendix 52
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.4 Isotherm models
Table 2.5 Definition of variables terms
Table 4.1 Proximate composition of oil bean pod
Table 4.2 Adsorption for FTIR analysis for coconut shell
Table 4.3 Isotherm parameters for methylene blue dye removal
Table 4.4 Kinetic parameters for different models for oil bean pod
Table 4.5 Thermodynamic parameters for the adsorption of methylene blue dye by using oil bean pod.
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Henry isotherm plot for methylene blue dye adsorption using oil bean pod.
Figure 2: Langmuir 1 isotherm plot for methylene blue dye adsorption using oil bean pod.
Figure 3: Langmuir II isotherm plot for methylene blue dye adsorption using oil bean pod.
Figure 4: Langmuir III isotherm plot for methylene blue dye adsorption using oil bean pod..
Figure 5: Langmuir IV isotherm plot for methylene blue dye adsorption using oil bean pod.
Figure 6: Freundlich isotherm plot for methylene blue dye adsorption using oil bean pod.
Figure 7: Temkin isotherm plot for methylene blue dye adsorption using oil bean pod.
Figure 8: Dubinin Radushkevich isotherm plot for methylene blue dye adsorption using oil bean pod.
Figure 9: Lagergren pseudo 1st order plot for methylene blue dye adsorption using oil bean pod.
Figure 10: pseudo 2nd order plot for methylene blue dye adsorption using oil bean pod.
Figure 11: Weber-Morris plot for methylene blue dye adsorption using oil bean pod.
Figure 12: Thermodynamic plot for methylene blue dye adsorption using oil bean pod.
Introduction:
Dyes are widely used in industries such as textiles, rubber, paper, plastics, cosmetics, etc., to color their products. The dyes are invariably left as the major waste in these industries. Due to their chemical structures, dyes are resistant to fading on exposure to light, water and many chemicals and, therefore, are difficult to be decolorized once released into the aquatic environment. Many of the organic dyes are hazardous and may affect aquatic life and even the food chain. Release of these dyes in water stream is aesthetically undesirable and has serious environmental impact. Due to intense color they reduce sunlight transmission into water hence affecting aquatic plants, which ultimately disturb aquatic ecosystem; in addition they are toxic to humans also (Sachin, et al., 2010).
Among the various known forms of pollution, water pollution is of great concern since water is the prime necessity of life and extremely essential for the survival of all living organisms. Indeed, it is a part of life itself, since the protoplasm of most living cells contains about 80% of water. It is worth noting that only 0.02% of the total available water on the earth is immediately available for use in the form of rivers, lakes and streams. However, years of increased industrial, agricultural and domestic activities have resulted in the generation of large amount of wastewater containing a number of toxic pollutants, which are polluting the available fresh water continuously. With the realization that pollutants present in water adversely affect human and animal life, domestic and industrial activities, pollution control and management is now a high priority area. The availability of clean water for various activities is becoming the most challenging task for researchers and practitioners worldwide.
Dyes are coloured substances that can be applied to various substrates (textile materials, leather, paper, hair) from a liquid in which they are completely, or at least partly, soluble. Man has made use of dyes since prehistoric times, and in fact, the demand and the usage of dyes have continuously increased. However, the presence of dyes even in trace quantities is very undesirable in aqueous environment as they are generally stable to light and oxidizing agents, and are resistant to aerobic digestion (Upadhye and Yamgar, 2016).
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