Key Features:
- No of Pages: 63
- No of Chapters: 5
- Table of content
- Preliminary pages
- Images
- Tables
- Full research conducted
- APA Reference style
Abstract:
Absorption of crude oil from aqueous solution like contaminated water using chitosan derived from prawn shells. Environmental pollution is a natural consequence of human activities, it can also be the result of natural processes. Oil pollution among many others is one of the most serious environmental problems in oil exploration regions and it is becoming increasingly inevitable. With the demand for crude oil and its derivatives continuing to rise as a result of the high demand for energy all over the world, the likely hood of these oils to spill into water bodies is invariably high. This research work is to provide an alternative method of crude oil spill removal from water by the utilization of prawn shell waste.
Chitosan has a number of excellent properties that can be applied in the remediation of oil spills. In this research, the prawn shrimp is obtained from the local market, washed with distilled water and dried at room temperature for three days and then it is ground and sieved into particle sizes, then the shrimp shells are deproteinized and later demineralized. Later composite analysis like pH, viscosity and degree of deacetylation is carried on the shrimp cells and results ascertained. The adsorption of crude oil onto the chitosan will be studied by varying conditions of contact time, temperature and particle size, then adsorption capacity is then calculated using the appropriate equation. Adsorption Isotherm is evaluated using the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm.Finally, adsorption processes are then studies using the pseudo-first and pseudo-second order kinetic model and also the intra-particle diffusion model. The pH of untreated prawn shell(300 microns) is 7.0, that of (700 microns) is 7.0 and is hence classified as being neither acidic or alkaline. Upon modification of demineralization and deacetylation, the pH rises to 9.7 and 9.2 for the 300 and 700 microns. The pH change is due to the modifications carried out on the prawn shells.
From this research work, it is noteworthy to state that chitosan has shown essential properties as regards its use as an oil spill removal agent. From the results of this research work, factors such as an increase in temperature which can be expected when dealing with crude oil removal from the environmental favors the adsorption potential of chitosan, i.e. an increase in temperature resulted in increased adsorption of crude oil till a certain optimum temperature.
Table of Content:
Abstract
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of Study
1.2 Statement of Problem
1.3 Objectives
1.4 Justification of Study
1.5 Scope of Study
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Chitin
2.2 Chitosan
2.2.1 Sources of chitosan
2.2.2 General properties of chitosan
2.2.2.1 Degree of deacetylation
2.2.2.2 Molecular weight
2.2.2.3 Viscosity
2.2.2.4 Solubility
2.2.2.5 Bulk density
2.2.2.6 Colour
2.2.2.7 Water binding capacity (WBC) and Fat binding capacity(FBC)
2.2.2.8 Emulsification
2.2.2.9 Antimicrobial properties
2.2.2.10 Formation of film
2.2.3 Production of Chitosan
2.2.3.1 Demineralization
2.2.3.2 Deproteination
2.2.3.3 Decolouration
2.2.3.4 Deacetylation
2.3 Crude oil
2.3.1 Chemical composition of crude oil
2.3.2 Physical properties of crude oil
2.3.3 Chemical properties of crude oil
2.4 Adsorption
2.4.1 Types of adsorption
2.4.2 Factors that affect the adsorption process
2.4.2.1 pH effects
2.4.2.2 Temperature
2.4.2.3 Initial concentration
2.4.2.4 Nature of adsorbate
2.4.2.5 Surface area effect
2.4.2.6 Adsorption isotherms
2.4.2 Adsorption isotherm models
2.4.2.1 The Langmuir isotherm
2.4.2.2 The Freundlich isotherm
CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Materials
3.2 Methods
3.2.1 Sample preparation
3.2.1.1 Deproteination of shrimp shells
3.2.1.2 Demineralization of shrimp shells
3.2.2 Composition analysis
3.2.2.1 pH
3.2.2.2 Viscosity
3.2.2.3 Degree of deacetylation
3.3 Batch adsorption studies
3.3.1 Effect of contact time
3.3.2 Effect of particle size
3.3.3 Effect of adsorption dosage
3.4 Adsorption capacity
3.5 Adsorption isotherms
3.5.1 Langmuir isotherm model
3.5.2 Freundlich isotherm model
3.6 Adsorption kinetics
3.6.1 Pseudo first-order kinetic model
3.6.2 Pseudo second-order kinetic model
3.6.3 Intra particle diffusion model
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS AND METHODS
4.1Results of proximate analysis
4.2Results of batch adsorption studies
4.2.1 Effect of contact time
4.2.3 Effect of concentration
4.2.4 Effect of temperature
4.2.5 Effect of particle size
4.3 Adsorption isotherm
4.3.1 Langmuir isotherm
4.3.2 Freundlich isotherm
4.3.3 Temkin isotherm
4.4 Adsorption kinetics
4.5 Adsorption Thermodynamics
CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Conclusion
5.2 Recommendation
REFERENCES
Introduction:
Environmental pollution is a natural consequence of human activities. It is also the result of natural processes. Volcanoes erupt and discharge gases; rains erode and transport silts and dissolved compounds; winds move dirt particles, salt particles and a wide variety of other gaseous and solid materials. In the course of human development, industrialization has made possible higher standards of living in our modern society. Such "progress" has created increased problems with wastes from processing operations and their ultimate disposal creating water pollution, air pollution and land pollution (Brine et al., 1992).
Oil pollution among many others is one of the most serious environmental problems in oil exploration regions and its becoming increasingly inevitable. The crude oil and its derivatives on high demand for energy has created a need for its transportation from drilling point to industries where it’s been processed into fuels and petrochemical products and then to areas needed for use and consumption(Abdul et al., 2012). Every day, 31.5 billion gallons are transported over the sea by ship; 2.73 billion gallons are consumed each day; there is also an estimative that 100 million gallons are spilled every year in marine environments (Barros et al., 2014).The spill can affect organisms by physical and toxicological processes causing an impact on the environment with disruptions in the food chain. In addition to ecological concerns, spills in shores may have economic matter in recreational areas, tourism and fisheries industry(Barros et al., 2014).
The enormous and undesirable taste and odour that affects tourism, economy and environment makes it necessary to be removed quickly(Karan et al., 2013). So, water sources protection must be one of the essential concerns in our life and necessary actions should be done to remove these pollutants because the balance of the ecosystem depends on water purity(Likon et al., 2011).
There is no efficient way to control and combat oil spills: physical restraint, removal with skimmers, cushions, or strands of natural and synthetic absorbents, addition of chemical dispersants, in-situ burning and bioremediation are not good to the environment. Natural processes such as spreading, advection, evaporation, dissolution, dispersion, emulsification, oxidation, sedimentation and degradation also contribute to remove the spilled oil on the sea(Barros et al., 2014).
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