Key Features:

- No of Pages: 53
- No of Chapters: 5
- Contains Diagram
- Graphical Representation
- Tables

Buy Now

Abstract:

ABSTRACT
The study investigated the lethal and sublethal effects of imidacloprid on stingless bee. Imidacloprid is a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist that impair memory formation in bees and which also affect sucrose consumption of stingless bee. This test was carried out in order to determine the effects of acute oral toxicity of imidacloprid and also if it affect the sucrose consumption of stingless bee. In order to carry out this study, adult worker stingless bees were collected from their hive at the Biological Garden, Obafemi Awolowo University Campus, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria. The bees were exposed to the different concentrations of imidacloprid (i.e. 0.25, 0.50, 1.00, 2.00 and 4.00 mg/L) and acclimatized at a temperature of 220C in the laboratory. The highest mortality was recorded at the highest concentration of 4.00 mg/L with mean percentage of 83.3 % mortality and the lowest mortality was recorded at control with a mean percentage of 3.3 % mortality. Mortality increased overtime but there was no significant difference between the duration of exposure of the bees. The amount of sucrose consumed at 24 hours was highest at 0.25 mg/L with mean value of 0.0779 g and lowest at 4.0 mg/L with mean value of 0.0400 g. Also at 48 hours, the sucrose consumption 1.00 mg/L with mean value of 0.0835 g and was lowest at 0.5 mg/L with mean value of 0.0042 g. Thus the result obtained shows that there was no significant difference in the amount of sucrose consumed by the stingless bees at different concentration of the test substance at 24 and 48 hours. Further study should therefore be conducted on the lethal and sublethal effects of imidacloprid on stingless bee.

Table of Content:

TABLE OF CONTENTS
page
Title....................................................................................................................................
Certification.......................................................................................................................ii
Dedication.........................................................................................................................iii
Acknowledgement............................................................................................................iv
Table of contents...............................................................................................................v
List of plates...................................................................................................................viii
List of figures....................................................................................................................ix
List of tables.......................................................................................................................x
List of appendices..............................................................................................................xi
Abstract.............................................................................................................................xii.
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
Biology of stingless bees.……………………………………………………………….1
Economic importance of stingless bees pollination in commercially
grown crops……………………………………………………………………………..2

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEWS
2.1 Biology of Stingless Bees……………………………………………………………….5
2.2 Stingless Bees and the environment…………….……………..………………………...8
2.3 Pesticide use and its effects on Stingless Bees…………………………………………..8
2.3.1 Pesticides Usage in Nigeria…………………………………………………………………….9
2.4 Neonicotinoids…………………………………………………………………………...10
2.5 Imidacloprid……………………………………………………………………………..12
2.5.1 Effects of imidacloprid on sucrose consumption……………………………..………..16
CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Collection of Stingless Bee Workers…………………………………………………….18
3.2 Toxicity Test……………………………………………………………………………..18
3.2.1 Range Finding Test……………………………………………………………………18
3.2.2 Acute Oral Toxicity Test………………………………………………………………22
3.3 Statistical Analysis………………………………………………………………………22
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS
4.1 Mortality…….…………………………………………………………………………..24
4.2 Sublethal Effect………………………………………………………………………….24
4.2.1 Sucrose Consumption…………………………………………………………………24
CHAPETR FIVE: DISCUSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Toxicity Effect of Imidacloprid on Stingless Bee (Meliponula bocandei)…………….29
5.2 Sublethal Effect of Imidacloprid on Stingless Bee……………………………………..30
5.2.1 Sucrose Consumption………………………………………………………………...30
5.3 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………....31
5.4 Recommendation………………………………………………………………………..31
REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………………….32
APPENDICES……………………………………………………………………………..46


LIST OF PLATES
Plates Page
Queen Bee (Meliponula bocandei).………………………………...………………6
Worker Bee (Meliponula bocandei)….…………………………………………….7
Entrance of stingless bee hive at the biological garden OAU Ile-Ife…….………..19
Wooden Cage used for collection of bees from the field……...……………….….20
Climate Chamber with ongoing test……………………………………………….21



FIGURES
Figures Page
The structural formula of imidacloprid (Pisa et al., 2015)………………………13
Percentage mortality of Meliponula bocandei observed at the different
concentrations of imidacloprid and control. Similar alphabets and
asterisks shows similarity………………………………………………………..25
Mean amount of sucrose consumed at 24 hours after exposur
by Meliponula bocandei at different concentrations and control…......................27
Mean amount of sucrose consumed at 48 hours after exposure
by Meliponula bocandei at different concentrations and control……………......28


LISTS OF TABLES
Tables Page
Physical and chemical properties of imidacloprid…………………………….......14
Imidacloprid toxicity (LC50 & LD50) of different organisms.…………………......15
The Median Lethal Concentration (LC50) and Confidence Intervals
for the Stingless Bee Meliponula bocandei exposed to Imidacloprid……….
….26

LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix Page
Analysis of LC50 value using EPA PROBIT ANALYSIS PROGRAM
at 24 hours………………………………………………………………………….45
Analysis of LC50 value using EPA PROBIT ANALYSIS PROGRAM
at 48 hours……………………………………………………………………..…..46
One Way Analysis of Variance……………………………………………………47
One Way Analysis of Variance at 24 hours……………………………………….48
One Way Analysis of Variance to check the effect of duration of
exposure on bee mortality………………………………………………………....49
One Way Analysis of Variance at 48 hours……………………………………….50

Introduction:

This Reaeasrch was carried out because it was noticed that imidacloprid, a neonicotinoid, is used by farmers worldwide but its effects on living organisms, most especially Stingless bees, is not taken into consideration.