... has primarily led to the growth of Islamic reform movements in many sub-Saharan African countries
The crisis of modernisation of the 20th century is the correct answer. Islamic reform movements developed majorly in response to the challenges of social development (e.g. the Mosques are often known as platforms for criticism of the shortcomings of the African government regimes), educational reform (e.g. training as religious scholars), and the popularisation of Islamic values.
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