Proto-nationalism refers to the early stage of nationalist movements in Africa before the World War II. During this period, nationalist activities were mainly led by:
Western-educated elites
Lawyers
Journalists
Teachers
Clergy
These educated elements used newspapers, petitions and constitutional agitation to demand reforms from the colonial government. In Nigeria, early nationalist figures like Herbert Macaulay and Nnamdi Azikiwe were part of this educated elite class.
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