The ratification of the appointment of an Emir in the pre-colonial Fulani Society was done by the
In the pre-colonial Fulani (Hausa-Fulani) emirate system, the appointment of an Emir was not fully valid until it was ratified by a higher authority within the Sokoto Caliphate.
That authority could be:
The Emir (Sultan) of Sokoto, or
The Emir of Gwandu
Which of the two ratified the appointment depended on the emirate’s administrative alignment within the Caliphate.
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