Explanation

(a) (i) Mendel’s laws of inheritance
First law/law of segregation                                                                                       
States that a pair of alleles/genes of contrasting character; segregates during gamete formation so that only one allele/gene enters a single gamete.                 

Second law/law of independent assortment                                                              
States that of a pair of alleles/genes of contrasting character; segregates independently; and combines randomly/distribute itself; with either of another pair of alleles/ genes.                                                                                                                                                                                
(ii) Applications of genetics in medicine

• Screening blood for transfusion;
• Determining paternity/ parentage;
• Marriage counseling for genetic disorders;
• Production of certain drugs/insulin;
• Sex selection in babies;
• Cloning of cells;
• Test-tube babies/ in-vitro fertilization;
• Organ transplant.
• Analysis of blood in crime detection.

                                                                                                                 
(iii) Disadvantages of inbreeding

• Loss of reproductive vigor/potency;
• Susceptibility to disease;
• Limited gene pool/lack of varieties;
• Inability to withstand environmental changes;
• Replication /retention of undesirable traits.                                      

(b) (i) Evolution
The process of development of complex organisms; from simple forms; over a long period of time; and results in the origin of new species.                                      

      (ii)  Convergent and divergent evolution
Convergent evolution produces similar structures in organisms; that have evolved from different unrelated ancestors; while divergent evolution produces modification of structures in organisms that have evolved from a common ancestor; due to adaptation to environmental changes.

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