Explanation

(a)   Management of goats

            (i)         Breeding

• Goats should be bred when they are at least 8-9 months old for the male and 12-15 months for the female/attainment of puberty
• Unwanted males should be castrated or disposed of while good    
• males are retained
• Males should be separated from females at weaning stage where
• possible
• Female should be flushed before mating
• One buck can mate eighteen to twenty five does
• Signs of heat should be identified/observed

(ii)        Care of kids

• Clean the mucous membrane when the kid is born
• Dip navel of the kid in Iodine solution
• Provide warmth when necessary
• Ensure that kids suckle or are provided with colostrum
• Provide foster mother or milk substitute if necessary
• Introduce kids to solid feed/weaning at six to eight weeks
• Provide creep feed
• Provide salt lick
• Maintain proper sanitation
• Undertake routine medication/vaccination
• Isolate sick animals
• Castrate kids not required for breeding
• Isolate dam and kid from the herd to avoid trampling
• Separate kids from dams during grazing periods

(iii)       Identification

• Determine the appropriate identification method e.g. ear notching,    
• ear tagging, neck chaining, collar paint, branding, body/hair cutting
• Ensure proper record of animals for breeding, culling, selection,
• medication purposes
• Inspect the animals regularly to ensure that their identification   
• marks are intact
• Replace lost identities/re-embossed faded marks
• Prompt treatment of injuries that may arise during and after identification process

(iv)       Castration

• Male kids not required for breeding should be castrated
•  Castration should be done before four months old
• Determine the type of castration to be carried out e.g. close castration,
• using the burdizzo or elastrator or open castration, using sterilized sharp knife
• or blade or scarpel
• Isolate castrated goats from the herd for close monitoring
• During the healing process ensure regular cleaning of the wound
• with appropriate antiseptics
• Administer prescribed drugs to goat after castration
• Ensure that animal is kept on high plane of nutrition during the
• period of castration
• Supply clean water regularly
• Ensure proper sanitation in pens where castrated goats are kept
• Close monitoring of the animal to determine the effectiveness of
• the castration

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