Explanation

/a) ldentification:-

• J -maize grain damaged by weevils, diseased grain/maize grain with hole/maize grain.
• K- yam tuber damaged by nematode, damaged yam or yam tuber.
• L - Kolanuts damaged by fungus or showing fungus attack /diseased kola nut / kolanut.
• M - tomato fruit showing signs of attack by bacteria/tomato fruit, diseased tomato fruit.

(b) Organisms responsible for the damage observed on specimens J, K, L, and M are: 

• J-(Maize) weevil;
• k- yam nematode,
• L-fungus;
• M -bacteria.

(c) Effects of the damage done to specimen J on farmers are: loss of food quality / reduced market value / reduced income; reduced germination / lower viability, increased hunger/food scarcity or decreased quantity and low productivity, increased cost of control/storage, increased cost of production.

(d) Methods of controlling organisms on specimens J, K, L, and M are:

J (Weevil);

• use of appropriate insecticide,
• heat treatment/store on rafters in smoky rooms,
• store in air tight containers,
• use of dry hot pepper,

K (Yam nematode);

• burning the bush before planting yam/ soil sterilization,
• crop rotation,
• soil fumigation,
• use of appropriate nematicide;

L (Fungus);

• application of appropriate fungicide,
• store kola nuts with the seedcoat;

M (Bacteria)

• stake tomato plants to prevent fruits from touching the soil/staking.
• control insect damage on tomato fruits,
• control insect that creates wounds in tomato plants/use of an appropriate insecticide.

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