Explanation

(a) Explanation of staking in yam cultivation  
- It means using long poles or stick to support yam vines 
- The vines are trained to climb up the stakes by the farmer 
- Staking is done to ensure adequate exposure of leaf surface to sunlight for photosynthesis
 - Staking improves yield of yam 

(b) Nursery practices in coca cultivation  
- Polythene bags/poly pots are filled with loamy soil mixed with organic manure 
- Fresh seeds are sown in the soil in polythene bags 
- The polythene bags are placed under a shade in the nursery 
- The sown seeds in the polythene bags are watered daily 
- Removal/hand pulling of weeds around the growing seedlings is done regularly
 - The seeds are sown in nursery between October and November 
- Nursery practices last for about 5-6months 

 (c) Reasons for parboiling paddy rice 
- To reduce the breakage of grains during milling 
- To harden the grains. 
- To loosen the husk 
- To make dehusking easier
- To improve the resistance of grains to storage Pests
-To enable the grains absorb vitamin B and proteins in the bran during soaking 
-To improve storability of rice grains 

(d) Advantages  and disadvantages of taungya farming  
Advantages  
- Varieties of crops are harvested 
- It increases the income of the farmer 
- When leguminuos crops are used, the beneficial effect of root nodules increases soil fertility for the forest trees 
- The young forest trees receive attention from the farmer 
- Where land is scarce, the farmer has a piece of land to cultivate 
- Ensures effective weed control 
- Creates employment 

Disadvantages  
- The forestry sector may be reluctant to release their fertile land to farmers 
- There is competition for space, light, water and nutrients between arable crops and trees 
- Choice of crops to be planted is restricted to arable crops
 - Labour intensive because the system cannot be mechanized 
- Trees may harbour pests/pathogens of crops 

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