Explanation

(a) Description of cowpea cultivation
(i) Soil requirement
Requires sandy loam soil

(iii) Spacing
20 – 30cm within rows x 75 – 100cm between rows

(b) Disease and field pests of cowpea

Disease: Damping off, Cercospora leaf spot, Bacterial blight, Mosaic, Root knot disease

Field pests: Pod borers, leaf hoppers, aphids, Monkeys, Bean bettles

(c) Cultural methods of controlling crop pests

- Controlled burning
- Early planting
- Early harvesting
- Weeding
- Crop rotation
- Flooding
- Adequate spacing
- Drainage
- Pruning
- Planting pest-free crops
- Appropriate tillage operation
- Planting pest-tolerant varieties of crop

(d) Human activities that promote deforestation in West Africa

Estate development, road construction, Arable cropping/farming/continous cropping
  
(e) Description of agro forestry practices
(i) Alley cropping
This involves planting of leguminous trees that are wide apart as to allow the growing
of strips of arable crops within the rows of trees

(ii) Ley farming
This is the practice of alternating arable crop production with the growing of forage
crops at different periods of time on a piece of land

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