(a) Explain the term commercial farming. [2 marks]
(b) Mention two agricultural produce used by each of the following agro-based industries: (i) canning industry; (ii) beverage industry; (iii) feed mill. [6 marks]
(c) State two aims of each of the following organizations involved in agricultural development in West Africa: (i) International Livestock Centre for Africa (ILCA) (ii) International Institute for Tropical Agriculture (IITA)
(d) What is surface irrigation? [2 marks]
(e) Describe the following horizons of the soil profile: (i) horizon A; (ii) horizon D. [2 marks]
(a) Explanation of commercial farming: This is the type of farming/agriculture whereby the farmer produces crops animals for sale.
(b) Agricultural produce used by agro-based industries: (i) Canning industry: - meat e.g. pork, beef, mutton. - fish e.g. salmon, mackerel, tuna. - peas/beans e.g. green bean, sword bean. pigeon pea, black-eyed pea. - fruits e.g. tomato. mango, pineapple. - milk. (ii) Beverages industries: cocoa - coffee - tea . (iii) Feed mill: - cereals e.g maize. sorghum/guinea corn. - bone/bone meal - fish/fish meal - pulses e.g. groundnut/ groundnut cake. soyabean / soyabean cake, - palm kernel/palm kernel cake - blood/blood meal - cassava/cassava chips - cotton seed cake - oyster shell/oyster shell meal.
(c) Aims of organisations involved in West Africa.
(i) International Livestock Centre for Africa (ILCA)
The aims are to:
- Promote the rearing of animals within Africa.
- Breed animals with early maturity/ fast growth rate.
- Breed animals with high quality products.
- Breed animals with high production capabilities.
- Breed animals that can adapt to African climatic conditions.
- Breed animals that are resistant to diseases.
- Breed animals that are resistant to pests.
(ii) International Institute for Tropical Agriculture (IITA): The aims are to:
- Develop food crops which are of high. quality.
- Promote the cultivation of food crops within the tropics.
- Develop high yielding food crops.
- Develop food crops that are disease resistant.
- Improve the methods of processing food crops.
- Improve the utilization methods of food crops.
(d) Meaning of surface irrigation: Surface irrigation is an irrigation system whereby water from river, dams or streams is allowed to flow by gravity along the surface of the farmland.
(e) Description of horizons of the soil profile:
(i) Florizon A:
- It is the top soil that represents the surface layer of the soil.
- Rich in organic matter.
- Most weathered of all the soil horizons.
- Highly prone to leaching.
(ii) Horizon D:
- This is the bedrock.
- Unweathered rock materials.
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