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Part I: Elements of Government
Basic Concepts (Power, Authority, Sovereignty, etc.):
Which of the following best describes the exercise of power based on a recognized right to rule?
A. Coercion
B. Influence
C. Authority
D. Sovereignty
A state that possesses the ultimate legal authority to make and enforce laws within its territory without external interference is said to have:
A. Internal sovereignty
B. External sovereignty
C. Political legitimacy
D. De facto power
The process by which individuals internalize the political values and beliefs of their society is known as:
A. Political participation
B. Political socialization
C. Political culture
D. Political mobilization
De jure sovereignty is often lost during a military coup and replaced by:
A. Legal sovereignty
B. De facto sovereignty
C. Popular sovereignty
D. Permanent sovereignty
Which concept refers to the psychological feeling of a people that they belong to the same community based on shared history or language?
A. Statehood
B. Nationhood
C. Citizenship
D. Sovereignty
Political culture is "secularized" when it:
A. Rejects all religious influence
B. Is based on rational and analytical decision-making
C. Is dominated by traditional rulers
D. Becomes completely apathetic
Forms of Government & Ideologies
In a technical sense, an "Oligarchy" is a form of government where power is held by:
A. A single hereditary ruler
B. A few wealthy individuals
C. The most virtuous citizens
D. The entire voting population
Which political ideology advocates for the state ownership of the means of production to eliminate class distinctions?
A. Capitalism
B. Feudalism
C. Socialism
D. Fascism
A key feature of Fascism that distinguishes it from regular autocracy is its:
A. Use of a secret police
B. Emphasis on extreme nationalism and a cult of personality
C. Promotion of free-market competition
D. Respect for the rule of law
In a Confederal system of government, the central authority is:
A. More powerful than the component units
B. Equal in power to the component units
C. Weaker than the component units
D. Non-existent
Which system of governance is characterized by the "fusion of powers" between the executive and the legislature?
A. Presidential system
B. Parliamentary system
C. Monarchical system
D. Republican system
The "Totalitarian" state differs from an "Authoritarian" state primarily in its:
A. Control over the military
B. Attempt to control all aspects of private and public life
C. Use of elections to legitimize power
D. Rejection of international law
Constitutions & Principles
A "Rigid" constitution is one that:
A. Is written in a single document
B. Cannot be amended under any circumstances
C. Requires a special and difficult procedure for amendment
D. Is based strictly on traditional customs
The principle of "Rule of Law" as popularized by A.V. Dicey includes all the following EXCEPT:
A. Supremacy of the law
B. Equality before the law
C. Primacy of the executive
D. Protection of fundamental human rights
"Constitutionalism" implies that:
A. Every country must have a written constitution
B. The powers of government are limited by law
C. The constitution is easy to change
D. Judges have more power than the President
Which organ of government is primarily responsible for "Delegated Legislation"?
A. The Judiciary
B. The Legislature
C. The Executive
D. The Civil Service
A "Vote of No Confidence" is a unique feature of the:
A. Presidential system
B. Parliamentary system
C. Unitary system
D. Federal system
Separation of Powers is most strictly applied in a:
A. Monarchy
B. Parliamentary system
C. Presidential system
D. Socialist system
Citizenship & The Electoral Process
A person who becomes a citizen of Nigeria because their parents are Nigerians is a citizen by:
A. Registration
B. Naturalization
C. Birth
D. Conquest
The "First-Past-The-Post" electoral system is also known as:
A. Proportional representation
B. Absolute majority system
C. Simple majority system
D. Plurality-preference system
The main disadvantage of the "Proportional Representation" system is that it:
A. Wastes many votes
B. Leads to the emergence of many small parties and unstable coalitions
C. Encourages a two-party system
D. Is too simple for voters to understand
"Gerrymandering" refers to the practice of:
A. Stuffing ballot boxes
B. Manipulating constituency boundaries for political advantage
C. Campaigning on the day of election
D. Preventing certain ethnic groups from voting
A "Referendum" is a political tool used to:
A. Elect a new President
B. Decide on a specific policy or constitutional issue by popular vote
C. Remove a corrupt judge
D. Settle disputes between the Senate and the House of Reps
Which of the following is a "Civil Right"?
A. Right to vote
B. Right to fair hearing
C. Right to hold public office
D. Right to form a political party
Political Parties, Pressure Groups & Public Opinion
25. A "Pressure Group" differs from a "Political Party" because a pressure group:
A. Does not have a constitution
B. Does not seek to capture political power for itself
C. Is always illegal
D. Only exists during military rule
"Lobbying" is a technique mostly used by:
A. The Civil Service
B. Pressure Groups
C. The Judiciary
D. Electoral Commissions
Public opinion can be measured through all the following EXCEPT:
A. Opinion polls
B. Elections
C. Mass media editorials
D. Judicial review
A "Two-party system" is most likely to produce:
A. Constant coalition governments
B. Stable government
C. Extremist ideologies
D. Weak executive leadership
The concept of "Anomic" pressure groups refers to groups that:
A. Are well-organized and long-lasting
B. Use riots and demonstrations as their main tool
C. Are formed by professional bodies
D. Operate within the government hierarchy
"Bureaucracy" is a term often used interchangeably with:
A. The Executive
B. The Civil Service
C. Political Parties
D. Local Government
Part II: Political Development in Nigeria
Pre-Colonial Systems:
In the pre-colonial Hausa/Fulani system, the "Sarkin Ruwa" was the official in charge of:
A. The treasury
B. Fishing and water transport
C. The cavalry
D. Markets
The "Oyomesi" in the Old Oyo Empire functioned as:
A. The personal bodyguards of the Alaafin
B. The king-makers and a check on the Alaafin's power
C. The tax collectors
D. Religious priests
Which pre-colonial system was famously described as "Acephalous"?
A. Hausa/Fulani
B. Yoruba
C. Igbo
D. Benin
The "Age Grade" system was a major feature of political organization in:
A. The Sokoto Caliphate
B. Pre-colonial Igbo society
C. The Bornu Empire
D. The Oyo Empire
The "Ogboni" society in Yoruba traditional politics served as a:
A. Military unit
B. Trade union
C. Judicial and mediatory body between the Alaafin and the Oyomesi
D. Royal kitchen staff
In the pre-colonial Kanem-Borno Empire, the council of state was known as the:
A. Uzama
B. Mai
C. Galadima
D. Council of Twelve (Nkeni)
Colonial Administration:
The policy of "Indirect Rule" was most successful in Northern Nigeria because:
A. The people were uneducated
B. There was already a centralized traditional administrative system
C. The British provided a lot of money
D. The South was too rebellious
The "Abeokuta Women's Riot" of 1947 was primarily a protest against:
A. British education
B. Indirect rule and unfair taxation
C. The amalgamation of 1914
D. Lack of voting rights
The main difference between the British "Indirect Rule" and the French "Assimilation" was that:
A. British rule was more violent
B. Assimilation aimed to turn Africans into Frenchmen
C. Indirect rule allowed for African representation in London
D. The French used traditional rulers more than the British
The 1914 Amalgamation of Nigeria was carried out under the governorship of:
A. Lord Milverton
B. Sir Arthur Richards
C. Lord Frederick Lugard
D. Sir John Macpherson
The "Native Authority" system was a core component of:
A. Decolonization
B. Indirect Rule
C. The 1963 Constitution
D. Military rule
The "Lyttelton Constitution" of 1954 is significant because it:
A. Introduced the first elective principle
B. Formalized federalism in Nigeria
C. Granted independence to Nigeria
D. Created the office of the Prime Minister
Decolonization & Constitutional Development:
The first Nigerian political party was the:
A. NCNC
B. AG
C. NNDP
D. NPC
The "Clifford Constitution" of 1922 was the first to introduce:
A. Federalism
B. The Elective Principle
C. A bicameral legislature
D. Regionalism
Which nationalist leader is known as the "Father of Nigerian Nationalism"?
A. Nnamdi Azikiwe
B. Obafemi Awolowo
C. Herbert Macaulay
D. Ahmadu Bello
The "Richards Constitution" of 1946 was criticized by nationalists because:
A. It introduced regionalism without consultation
B. It gave too much power to the North
C. It abolished the elective principle
D. It was too democratic
In the 1960 Independence Constitution, the Head of State was:
A. The Prime Minister
B. The President
C. The Queen of England (represented by the Governor-General)
D. The Chief Justice
Nigeria became a Republic in:
A. 1960
B. 1963
C. 1970
D. 1979
A major feature of the 1979 Constitution was the introduction of:
A. Parliamentary system
B. Presidential system
C. Diarchy
D. Unicameral legislature
The 1999 Constitution of Nigeria is often described as a:
A. Unitary constitution in federal disguise
B. Truly confederal constitution
C. Unwritten constitution
D. Parliamentary constitution
Post-Independence Institutions & Problems:
The "Census Crisis" of 1962/63 was a major factor in the collapse of the:
A. First Republic
B. Second Republic
C. Third Republic
D. Fourth Republic
The first military coup in Nigeria occurred on:
A. July 29, 1966
B. January 15, 1966
C. December 31, 1983
D. July 29, 1975
Which military leader introduced the "Structural Adjustment Programme" (SAP)?
A. Murtala Muhammed
B. Olusegun Obasanjo
C. Ibrahim Babangida
D. Sani Abacha
The "Federal Character" principle was enshrined in the constitution to:
A. Promote ethnic domination
B. Ensure even distribution of appointments and resources among states
C. Abolish state governments
D. Encourage the one-party system
The 1976 Local Government Reform was significant because it:
A. Abolished local governments
B. Made local government a third tier of government with uniform functions
C. Placed local governments under the control of traditional rulers
D. Removed all funding for local councils
The main purpose of the "Public Complaints Commission" is to:
A. Arrest criminals
B. Investigate administrative injustice and abuse of power
C. Organize elections
D. Collect taxes
The "Code of Conduct Bureau" was established to:
A. Draft the constitution
B. Monitor the behavior of public officers
C. Train soldiers
D. Manage the civil service
"Privatization" in Nigeria refers to:
A. Government taking over private businesses
B. Selling government-owned enterprises to private individuals/firms
C. Increasing the number of civil servants
D. Abolishing the private sector
The "Land Use Act" of 1978 vested all land in the territory of each state in the:
A. Federal Government
B. Local Government
C. State Governor
D. Traditional Rulers
Which of the following is a major problem of Nigerian Federalism?
A. Over-dependence on the center for revenue
B. Lack of a written constitution
C. Too much power in the local governments
D. Absence of a judiciary
Under the 1963 Republican Constitution, the ceremonial Head of State was the:
A. Prime Minister
B. President
C. Premier
D. Governor-General
A major departure of the 1979 Constitution from the 1963 Constitution was the introduction of:
A. A bicameral legislature
B. An Executive Presidential system
C. A ceremonial presidency
D. Multi-party democracy
The 1999 Constitution of Nigeria is often criticized as being "military-authored" because it was:
A. Written by a committee of soldiers
B. Promulgated via Decree No. 24 of 1999
C. Operates under a unitary structure
D. Lacks a preamble
Which of the following bodies was established by the 1979 Constitution to handle public grievances against government officials?
A. The Code of Conduct Bureau
B. The Public Complaints Commission
C. The Civil Service Commission
D. The National Boundary Commission
The "Federal Character" principle was enshrined in the Nigerian Constitution primarily to:
A. Ensure one-party dominance
B. Promote national unity and prevent sectional dominance
C. Encourage meritocracy in the civil service
D. Decentralize the police force
In the Nigerian federal system, the "Residual List" refers to powers exercised exclusively by:
A. The Federal Government
B. The Local Government
C. The State Government
D. Both Federal and State Governments
The first state creation exercise in Nigeria (May 1967) was primarily a strategic move to:
A. End the Nigerian Civil War
B. Weaken the secessionist bid of the Eastern Region
C. Satisfy the demands of minority groups
D. Implement the 1963 Constitution
Revenue allocation in Nigeria has remained contentious largely due to the varying emphasis on the principle of:
A. Population
B. Derivation
C. Need
D. Equality of states
A statutory body that is owned and managed by the government to provide essential services is a:
A. Private Limited Company
B. Public Corporation
C. Pressure Group
D. Cooperative Society
The policy of "Privatization" in Nigeria involves the:
A. Government taking over private firms
B. Transfer of government-owned enterprises to private ownership
C. Granting of subsidies to public corporations
D. Reduction of taxes for local manufacturers
One major problem facing public corporations in Nigeria is:
A. Lack of government patronage
B. Excessive political interference
C. Competition from foreign firms
D. High level of profit-making
Local government in Nigeria was recognized as a distinct third tier of government by the:
A. 1922 Clifford Constitution
B. 1976 Local Government Reforms
C. 1963 Republican Constitution
D. 1946 Richards Constitution
The "Direct Rule" system of colonial administration was most prominently used by the:
A. British in Northern Nigeria
B. French in West Africa
C. Portuguese in Angola
D. British in the Lagos Colony
A unique feature of the 1989 Local Government Reform was the:
A. Abolition of the office of the Chairman
B. Granting of financial autonomy through direct funding
C. Introduction of the "Sole Administrator" system
D. Return to the "Native Authority" system
Traditional rulers in Nigeria currently perform mainly:
A. Legislative functions
B. Executive functions
C. Advisory and cultural roles
D. Judicial functions in superior courts
The "Unification Decree No. 34" of 1966, which sought to turn Nigeria into a unitary state, was promulgated by:
A. General Yakubu Gowon
B. General Murtala Muhammed
C. Major-General J.T.U. Aguiyi-Ironsi
D. General Sani Abacha
The military regime that introduced the Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP) was headed by:
A. General Olusegun Obasanjo
B. General Ibrahim Babangida
C. General Muhammadu Buhari
D. General Sani Abacha
A common reason cited by the military for intervening in Nigerian politics is:
A. Lack of foreign investment
B. Widespread corruption and electoral malpractice
C. Pressure from the United Nations
D. Need to change the national anthem
Nigeria's foreign policy is "Afrocentric," which means:
A. Nigeria only trades with African countries
B. Africa is the centerpiece of Nigeria's foreign policy
C. Nigeria does not belong to the United Nations
D. Nigeria is an ally of the Western powers only
The "Non-Aligned Movement" (NAM) was formed by developing countries to:
A. Join the Soviet Bloc during the Cold War
B. Remain neutral and independent of the two superpowers
C. Oppose the formation of the African Union
D. Promote military alliances in Asia
Nigeria's "Technical Aid Corps" (TAC) scheme is a foreign policy tool designed to:
A. Export crude oil to neighboring countries
B. Provide technical manpower to other African, Caribbean, and Pacific nations
C. Recruit foreign experts for Nigerian refineries
D. Fund the ECOWAS Monitoring Group (ECOMOG)
The organ of the United Nations responsible for maintaining international peace and security is the:
A. General Assembly
B. Trusteeship Council
C. Security Council
D. International Court of Justice
The "Veto Power" in the UN Security Council is held by:
A. All member nations
B. The 10 non-permanent members
C. The 5 permanent members (P5)
D. The Secretary-General
The African Union (AU) was established in 2002 to replace the:
A. Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)
B. Organization of African Unity (OAU)
C. Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA)
D. Southern African Development Community (SADC)
A major challenge facing the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) is:
A. The use of a single currency (The Eco)
B. Political instability and frequent coups in member states
C. Lack of a headquarters
D. Opposition from the United Nations
The Headquarters of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is located in:
A. Lagos, Nigeria
B. Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
C. Vienna, Austria
D. Geneva, Switzerland
The primary objective of the Commonwealth of Nations is to:
A. Form a military alliance against Russia
B. Promote cooperation and democracy among former British colonies
C. Establish a global religion
D. Control world oil prices
The "New Partnership for Africa's Development" (NEPAD) is an initiative of the:
A. United Nations
B. African Union
C. World Bank
D. European Union
The "ECOWAS Monitoring Group" (ECOMOG) was primarily formed to:
A. Monitor elections in France
B. Serve as a West African peacekeeping force
C. Conduct census in Nigeria
D. Regulate trade in the Sahara
The 1960 Independence Constitution was "rigid" because:
A. It was written in a single document
B. It required a special and difficult process for amendment
C. It was handed down by the Queen
D. It forbade political parties
Which Nigerian leader is most associated with the "Concert of Medium Powers" initiative?
A. General Sani Abacha
B. General Ibrahim Babangida
C. Nnamdi Azikiwe
D. Alhaji Shehu Shagari
Under the 1999 Constitution, the power to declare war is vested in the:
A. Minister of Defence
B. President, subject to National Assembly approval
C. Chief of Defence Staff
D. Chief Justice of Nigeria
The "Ombudsman" in Nigeria is officially known as the:
A. Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC)
B. Public Complaints Commission (PCC)
C. Independent Corrupt Practices Commission (ICPC)
D. Code of Conduct Tribunal
In the First Republic (1960β1966), Nigeria operated a:
A. Presidential system
B. Parliamentary system
C. Confederal system
D. Military dyarchy
The "Assimilado" policy was a colonial administrative strategy used by the:
A. British
B. French
C. Portuguese
D. Belgians
Which of these is a permanent member of the UN Security Council?
A. Nigeria
B. Germany
C. China
D. Japan
The highest policy-making organ of the African Union is the:
A. Pan-African Parliament
B. Assembly of Heads of State and Government
C. Executive Council
D. AU Commission?
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Asked by Hassan on 4th April, 2026
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