for open pipes, there is only one end correction to be accounted for
for closed pipes, there are two end corrections to be accounted for
only odd harmonics are possible in closed pipes
all harmonics are possible in closed pipes
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Explanation:
1. Open Pipes (both ends open)
Both ends are antinodes.
All harmonics (1st, 2nd, 3rd…) are possible.
End correction: usually at both ends (slightly increases effective length).
2. Closed Pipes (one end closed, one end open)
Closed end: node (no displacement)
Open end: antinode (maximum displacement)
Only odd harmonics are possible: 1st, 3rd, 5th, …
2nd, 4th, 6th… do not exist in a closed pipe.
End correction: only one open end is corrected.
Other options:
A. For open pipes, there is only one end correction → ❌ two ends need correction
B. For closed pipes, there are two end corrections → ❌ only one open end needs correction
D. All harmonics in closed pipes → ❌ only odd harmonics exist
✅ Key point:
Closed pipe → odd harmonics only
Open pipe → all harmonics possible
