Explanation

(a) Features that can be found in the middle course of a river

- meander

- interlocking spurs

- river terraces

- wide V-shaped valley

- bluff

- river cliffs

- slip-off slope

(b) Characteristics and mode of formation of a pothole

Characteristics

- found in the upper course of à river

- found on the bed of a river

- circular depression/bowl-shaped

- cylindrical in shape

- may be small or large

- may enlarge and join to form a gorge

- may be about 6 meters in diameter

- may be about 15 meters in depth

- greater in depth than in width

- A plunge pool at the base of a waterfall is in a pothole

- are exposed in the dry season when the river decreases

- example: Devil's cauldron on the* River Congo

Mode of formation

- formed in the upper course of a river

- formed on the riverbed

- formed where the riverbed is uneven

- A river loaded with pebbles flows in eddies when it reaches an uneven bed

- The eddies cause the pebbles to swirl

- This creates small shallow depressions on the river bed

- River abrasion widens the depression to form cavities

- cavities gradually deepen and widen

- forming a feature called a pothole

- Pothole: development depends on the nature of the bedrock and the speed of flow of the river

- diagram.

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