Explanation

(a) Processes of wind erosion

. - deflation, - abrasion, - attrition

(b) Characteristics and mode of formation of a zeugen characteristic

- wind erosion feature - found in the desert/ arid regions

- found in areas of active mechanical weathering

- abrasive process of wind erosion

- rock has varying resistance to erosion

- layer of soft rock beneath the layer of hard rock

- long ridge and furrow landscape

- narrow furrows separating the ridges

- tabular masses of rocks/ridges

- are elongated ridges

- consist of hard and soft rocks horizontally bedded rocks

- may be 3 meters to 30 meters high

- sides are irregular - many zeugens overhang

- lie parallel/concordant to each other

- lie in the direction of the prevailing wind

- hard rock layer on the surface

- examples are found in the Sahara, Kalahari deserts and Arabian desert etc.

Mode of formation -

formed in desert/arid regions

- formed by the action of wind abrasion

- on alternating horizontal layers of hard and soft rocks

- hard rock on the surface

- hard rock has parallel joints or cracks

- Mechanical weathering initiates the formation of zeugen by opening up the joints of the surface rock

- Wind abrasion attacks the existing opening

- penetrating deep into the underlying soft layers

- The joints are widened to become furrows

- The blocks between the furrows stand out as ridges called zeugens 

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