(a) List two examples of volcanic mountains in the world.
(b) With the aid of annotated diagram, describe how composite cones are formed.
(c) Outline three causes of landslides.
(a) Examples of Volcanic Mountains in the World:- -Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania -Mount Vesuvius in Italy - Mount Stromboli in Italy -Mount Etna in Italy -Mount Popocatepetl in Mexico -Mount Mayon in Philippines Mount Pinatubo in Philippines -Mount Cameroun in Cameroun -Mount Cotopaxi in Ecuador -Mount Fuji in Japan - Mount Krakatoa in Indonesia Kenya Chimborazo in Ecuador -Mount Kenya in -Mount -Mount Merapi in Sumatra - mount chimborazo in Ecuador-Mount Elgon in New Zealand-Mount Ararat in Turkey -Mount Elbruz in Russia -Mount Pelee in West Indies -Mount paracutin in Mexico-Vulcan de Fuego in Gautemala -Mount St. Helena in USA -Mount Tambora in Indonesia
(b) Description of How Composite cones are Formed:--Formed due to tectonic activity -Formed from several eruptions -Begin with violent and explosive eruptions-Materials are thrown very high into the atmosphere -Ash and cinder materials -Fall back to build a cone and cinder around the vent -Accumulation of ash and cinder around the vent -Eruption ceases and is followed by lava flow-Lava pours out to settle on top of the existing Layers of materials -The materials form a cone -The cone keeps increasing in height and girth with more eruptions Subsequent violent explosions create cracks along the flanks or sides -Subsidiary conduits or pipes develop at the sides of the main cone -Lava passes through the cracks/pipes, cools and solidifies -Leading to the formation of dykes - This process leads to the formation of subsidiary parasitic cones or cone lets -Crater forms at the peak of the cone -At times the whole top of the volcano blows off or sinks -This forms a huge crater called caldera.
(c) Causes of Landslide:--Prolonged heavy rainfall -Undercutting of slopes by streams and waves-Earthquake and volcanic activities -Construction of roads-Farming along slopes -Quarrying and mining along steep slopes -Animal trampling on overlying rocks -Force of gravity -Dissolution of carbonate materials by water-River incision undermines slope stability- Wave actions along the coast -Deforestation-Lubricating action of rain water-Regolith rich in clay (rock structure).
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