(a) With the aid of annotated diagrams, describe the characteristics of various stages of river course
(b) List three ways by which rivers are beneficial
(a) *upper/youthful/torrential course
- marks the beginning/source of a river
- steep slope
- occurs in highland area
- swift or fast flowing
- vertical erosion is dominant
- headward erosion occurs
- presence of interlocking spurs
- valley is V-shaped
- pot holes formed
- river capture may occur
- occurence of waterfalls/rapids/cataracts
-presence of gorges
*Middle/mature/valley course
- lateral erosion is dominant
- valleys is U-shaped
- valleys are widened
- increased load of river
- slope gradient is more gentle
- dominant work is transportation
- volume of water is increased from additional tributaries
- velocity is reduced
- meanders begin to form
- little deposition
- interlocking spurs are numerous
- presence of river clifts
- presence of bluffs
* Lower/old/plain course
- end of the river course
- main work is deposition
- lateral erosion
- increase volume of water from additional tributaries
- speed is greatly slackened
- the gradient of slope is gentle
- rejuvenation may occur
- presence of levees
- presence of ox-bow lakes
(b) * domestic purposes
* industrial uses
* transportation
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