(a) List four modes of transportation
(b) Identify four constraints to inland water navigation.
(c) In what four ways can the constraint identified in 2(a) above be solved?
- silting of river mouths
- problems of piracy
- presence of rapids, cataracts, waterfalls/dams
- fluctuations in the volumes of rivers
- presence of water weeds e.g. water hyacinth
- competition with other modes of transport
- slow speed
- freezing of rivers and lakes
- narrow gorges
- shallow nature of most river valleys
- non-flexibility
- presence of dangerous aquatic animals
- adverse weather conditions
- limited capital
- short courses of rivers
- rivers flowing through areas of limited commercial activities
- poor maintenance culture
- low patronage
- hazards of tree stumps
- poor navigational aids
- poor management
The solutions to the constraints are:
- dredging to increase depth of rivers
- traffic control on rivers to check piracy
- channelization to avoid rapids and waterfalls
- removal of water weeds with herbicides/machines
- improving the technology of speed boat engines to increase speed
- dredging of more canals for accessibility
- policing water ways
- use of dams and reservoirs to control water levels
- introduction of comfortable boats
- use of ice breakers
- involvement of conservation to control dangerous animals
- provision of adequate capital
- construction of canals
- development of the hinterland
- cultivation of good maintenance culture
- enlightenment on the use of inland water ways
- removal of tree stamps
- provision of modern navigational aids
- improved management
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