Alkylation is the process of substituting an alkyl group into a benzene ring, replacing a hydrogen on the ring with a group like methyl or ethyl.
Alkylation of benzene can be catalyzed by a number of substances, including:
Aluminum chloride: A common catalyst for the Friedel-Crafts alkylation of benzene. Aluminum chloride acts as a Lewis acid, coordinating with halogens to generate an electrophile.
Fluorinated alumina: Catalyzes the alkylation of benzene with propylene.
Methyl- and ethylsilanes: Catalyze the alkylation of benzene with ethylene and propylene.
Acidic zeolite catalysts: Such as mordenite, which can be used to alkylate benzene with 1-dodecene.
Boron trifluoride: Catalyzes the alkylation of benzene with 2-propanol, forming a carbocation intermediate that attaches to the benzene ring
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