(a) What is meant by each of the following terms?:

(i) Esterification

(ii) Saponification

 

(b)(i) Give the general molecular formula of alkynes

(ii) Write the molecular formula and empirical formula of ethylethanoate.

(iii) Draw the structure of 1, 1, 2, 2-tetrabromoethane

(iv) Write an equation for the reaction of ethanol with sodium

 

(c) Consider the following reaction schemes:

                         I                                                                                                             II

Petroleum      --->         Petroleum Fractions. Higher Petroleum Fractions     --->      Petrol + X

(i) State type of process/reaction involved in each of the stages labelled I to IV.

(ii) Identify X and Y

(iii) Give the IUPAC name of the product obtained in stage III.

(iv) What are the reaction conditions for stage IV?

 

(d) Explain why palm wine: (i) froths or foams (ii) tastes sour after some days.