Explanation

(a)(i) X contains 40% carbon, 6.67% hydrogen, the rest being oxygen. To determine the empirical formula of X

(i) Percentage oxygen = 100 – (40 + 6.67) = 53.33%

  C        :     H           O

  40          6.67      53.33  

  12          1             16

3.33          6.67         3.33

1                 2            1

Ratio 

Empirical formula is CH\(_2\)O

(ii) Molecular formula of X if its relative molecular mass is 60. (CH\(_2\)O)\(_n\) = 60;

(12 + 2 + 16)\(_n\) = 60 ;

30n = 60 ; n = 2

Molecular formula is C\(_2\)H\(_4\)O\(_2\)

(b) Y is an alkanoic acid with relative molecular mass is 74.

(i) The functional group in Y is –COOH/carboxyl group.

(ii) Esterification reaction

(iii) If Y is represented by C\(_n\)H\(_{2n+1}\)COOH;  then 14n + 46 = 74, giving n = 2

(iv) 2C\(_2\)H\(_5\)COOH + 2Na –> 2C\(_2\)H\(_5\)COONa + H\(_2\).

(v) Compound Y in the same homologous series as X has a CH\(_3\)CH\(_2\)COOH relative molecular mass of 74. The boiling point of Y will be N higher. than 118° because in a homologous series boiling OH point increases with increase molar mass.

(c)(i) Fermentation is the breakdown of carbohydrates (sugars) to form ethanol (alcohol) and CO\(^2\) by the action of enzymes.

(iii) Yeast is added to glucose solution to make glucose ferment.

(iv) A tightly caked glass bottle filled to the brim with fresh palm wine shatters.on standing because CO\(^2\) is produced as the palm wine ferments. The gas causes pressure build-up which causes the bottle to shatter.

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