(a) Describe six protective adaptations used by animals against predation and give one example in each case.
(b)(i) What is pollution?
(ii) State six human activities which cause pollution.
Protective adaptations used by animals against predation
(i) Mechanical protection like the hard outer covering/ shell; e.g. giant snail/tortoise/oysters/barnacles/battery of spines in porcupine/sea urchin
(ii) Chemical protection in the form of poisonous secretions of skin glands; e.g. toad
(iii) Concealing colouration/cryptic adaptation/a close matching in appearance of the animal to its background; e.g. chameleon/praying mantis/green mamba
(iv) Specialised toxic glands/hairs linked to toxic glands/hairs that penetrate skin of predators/toxin secreted to cause intense irritation; e.g. larvae of Lepidoptera
(v) Mimicry of objects such as leaves or twigs; e.g. Praying mantis/stick insect/ moths
(vi) Rolling the body into a ball; e.g. pangolin/millipede/porcupine
(vii) Fast movement to escape from enemies; e.g. antelopes/deers
(viii) Secretion of offensive smell; e.g. shrews/zonocerus
(ix) Stings/injection of painful chemicals; e.g. bees/wasps/scorpions/electric fish
(x) Offensive structures of horns/hooves; e.g. antelopes/gazel/buffalos
(xi) Movement in groups to frighten predators; e.g. monkeys/baboons/small angulates
(xii) Detachment/dropping of parts of the body to escape; e.g. lizards/wall geckos
(xiii) Secretion of ink/coloured substance to impair vision of predator/create a screen e.g. squid
(xiv) Inflation of the body to frighten predator; e.g. chameleon/octopus/cats
(xv) And any other correct adaptive features and correct examples
(b)(i) Pollution
(a) The introduction of materials/ energy into the environment by humans (directly or indirectly)
(b) at such levels/concentration that affect biotic communities adversely thereby causing harm
(ii)Activities of humans which cause pollution
(a) Dumping of domestic/ farm refuse
(b) Release of chemicals from mines
(c) Misapplication of agro chemicals/fertilizers
(d) Spraying of pesticides and herbicides
(e) Dumping of broken bottles/glasses/ enamel wares
(f) Dumping of plastics
(g) Dumping of scrap metals
(h) Spillage of crude oil from pipelines/tankers
(i) Dumping of untreated sewage
(j) Effluent from factories/breweries/laboratories (i) Any other correct human activity
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