Explanation

(a)(i) Second law of thermodynamics: This states that when there is conversion of energy from one form to another; there is always a loss/ decreases; in the amount of useful energy.

(ii) Flow of energy across different levels in a food chain 

• Transfer of energy between trophic levels
• Is not 100% completely efficient
• Successive levels have less energy
• And support fewer organisms
• Primary producers/green plants have the highest energy
• When herbivores/ primary consumers feed on primary producers
• The energy level is reduced
• When carnivores/secondary consumers feed on herbivores
• The energy level is further reduced
• Part of the energy is lost as heat at each trophic level
• Not all parts of the preceding organisms are eaten by the predator/organism at the next trophic level; Energy is lost in the process of respiration/feeding/movement/metabolic active

(b)(i) Factors that can limit human populations: -

• Famine / scarcity of food
• diseases/epidemics
• increased mortality/death rate by wars /natural disasters emigration
• increase mortality - reduced natality/birth rate.

(b)(ii) Ways of overcoming the factors:

1. Famine: - Availability of food (through improved farming techniques)
2. Mechanized farming
3. improved storage facilities
4. Use of fertilizers/agro chemicals
5. Genetic engineering
6. Improved planting materials/seeds/stems etc.
7. Improved finance

Diseases:

• Health care
• Immunization
• Preventive drugs
• Improved diet
• Good sanitation.

Wars:

• Improved/enhanced communication/dialogue
• Mediation.
• Prohibition of illegal firearms
• Good governance Natural disasters
• study of the environment
• promote environmental friendly activities
• preservation of natural habitats
•  Accurate and prompt forecast of disaster

Increased Mortality/death rate:

• Provision of balanced/good diet
• Good Medicare
• Adequate security
• Peaceful resolution of conflicts/prevention of wars
• Effective management of disaster

Emigration: -

1. Provide adequate food/shelter
2. Improved health/environment/sanitation
3. Urbanization/development
4. Reduced natality/Birth rate
5. Apply birth control methods
6. Legislation against abortion
7. Education/ awareness against sexual transmitted diseases (STD's): 
    

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