Explanation

(a) Adaptation of leaf for photosynthesis

1. Broad/flat leaf lamella, exposes large surface area for maximum absorption of light
2. Palisade mesophyll cells contain a lot of chloroplast chlorophyll; for maximum absorption of light
3. Position of leaf to stem; for optimum reception of light rays/sunlight
4. Thin lamella; allows light penetration into leaf tissue of mesophyll
5. Palisade cells are at right angle/perpendicular to the upper epidermis/chloroplasts are arranged in the periphery of the cells; all for easy activation of the chloroplasts for photosynthesis
6. Large vacuoles of the palisade cells; store photosynthetic products
7. Large intracellular air spaces in the spongy mesophyll; allow oxygen/carbondioxide to diffuse in/out of the chlorophyllus cells/ gaseous exchange
8. The epidermal cells have thin cell walls; for easy penetration of sunlight to the mesophyll
9. Guard cells have chloroplast; for the absorption of sunlight
10. The bean-shaped structure of the guard cell; is to allow for gaseous exchange
11. The stomata; open easily when it becomes turgid for diffusion of gases/carbon dioxide/oxygen
12. Xylem; conducts water into the leaves for photosynthesis
13. Phloem; transports manufactured food to other parts of the plant. 

(b) Mode of feeding of tapeworm; 
Parasitic mode of feeding; lives in the gut of man/pigs; has hooks/suckers; which enable it attach itself to the lining of the intestine of the host; has a flattened tape-like/ribbon-like body; provide large surface area for easy absorption of digested food; no alimentary/digestive system.

(c) Mineral elements necessary for the proper functioning of;
(i) Bones - Calcium; phosphorus; fluorine
(ii) Red blood cells - Iron; copper
(iii) Thyroid gland - Iodine.

(d) (i) Benefits of including roughages in the diet of humans :

• Stimulates bowel movement/peristalsis
• Reduces blood cholesterol/bowel cancer/gall stones/appendicitis/ obesity / diabetes mellitus
• They do not contribute to weight gain/high blood sugar
• It releases glucose slowly
• It prevents constipation.

(ii) Importance of proteins to humans; 

• For the repair of damaged tissues; replacement of worn-out tissues
•  For body building
• For growth
• For the supply of the necessary amino acids
• For formation of hormones/enzymes/antibodies/ forming fibrinogen necessary for blood clotting.

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