(a) State four effects of specimen E on farm animals
(b) Name the primary and intermediate host of specimen E,
(c) State three adaptive features of specimen F which enable it to survive in Its host
(d) State three control measures of each of specimens E and F in livestock management
(a) Effects of specimen E (Liver Fluke) on farm animals are: (i) It destroys the liver tissues. (ii) It causes general weakness of the animal. (iii) It causes the obstruction of the bile duct. (iv) It inhibits the production of bile from the liver. (v) It prevents the flow of bile from the gall bladder into the small intestine. (vi) Lipid digestion is impaired. (vii) Animal emaciates. (viii) It leads to loss of yields in terms of milk and meat.
(b) The primary host of specimen E is ruminants while the intermediate host is water snail.
(c) Adaptive features of specimen F (Tapeworm) which enable it to survive in the primary host are: (i) It has a very high absorptive surface area. (ii) Specimen possesses four suckers with which it attaches itself to the walls of the small intestine. (ii) It possesses two rows of hooks which enable it to have a firm grip on the small intestine. (iv) The whole body is covered with cuticles which prevents it from being digested by the digestive enzymes of the host. (v) It has the ability to absorb digested food materials from the small intestine with the whole body. (vi) It is highly prolific, i.e; it has a fast rate of reproduction.
(d)(i) The control measures for specimen E (Liver fluke) are: (i) control snails on pasture using copper sulphate solution (ii) regular deworming of animals (iii) rotational grazing (iv) avoid grazing near streams (v) burning of infected pastures Control measures for specimen F (Tapeworm) are: (i) proper sewage disposal or farm hygiene (ii) proper cooking of meat before consumption (iii) inspection of animal before slaughter (iv) deworming of animals (v) rotational grazing (vi) burning of infected pastures.
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