Explanation

a) The aim of the experimental setup is to determine the different soil particles or fractions or the soil texture.

(b) The procedure for carrying out the experiment is first, some quantity of soil is put in a measuring cylinder and sufficient water is added. A small quantity of hydrogen peroxide or sodium bicarbonate is also added. The container is then stirred and shaken vigorously and the solution is allowed to settle for at least five hours.

(c) The observations are:

• Soil particles settled down in layers, according to the weights and sizes of particles.
• Gravel settled first, followed by coarse sand, fine sand, silt, and clay which settled last while the organic matter floated on top.

(d) The different soil particle sizes can be estimated by:

• Obtaining the total height of the sediments directly from the measuring cylinder (T)
• Reading the height of sand, e.g. HSA
• Reading the height of silt, e.g. HSI
• Reading the height of clay, e.g. HCL
• Calculating sand proportion, i.e; \(\frac{HSA}{T} \times {100}\)
• Calculating proportion of silt i.e \(\frac{HSI}{T} \times {100}\)
• Calculating the proportion of clay, i.e; \(\frac{HSL}{T} \times {100}\)

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