Explanation

(a) Functions of soil water to crops

- Cooling of plants through transpiration

- Needed for all metabolic reactions in plants

- Used in photosynthesis

- Needed for germination of seeds

- helps in transportation of manufactured food

(b) Factors that could cause low soil pH 

- Acid rains in industrial areas

- Use of sulphur-based agro-chemicals/fertilisers

- Leaching

- Erosion

- Acid parent materials

- Absorption of basic cations from the soil/ Preferential nutrient uptake by plants

- Hydrolysis of aluminum

(c) Explanation of the cycle of Liver fluke 

- Eggs pass from the uterus of the adult liver fluke into the bile duct of the host (livestock)

- The eggs move from the bile duck into the intestine
- They are passed out with the faeces of host on to pastures
- Eggs hatch into miracidiae

- The miracidiae penetrate the water snail (secondary host)

- The miracidiae develop into sporocysts in the snail

- By cell division, the sporocysts develop into rediae

- The rediae develop into carcariae

- The carcariae pass out of the water snail, remain in the pasture and become encysted (metacercaria)

- Encysted cercaria is eaten by livestock host along with the pasture
- Metacercaria develops into young liver fluke
- Young liver fluke swims through the intestine into the blood streams to the liver and finally locates at the bile duct

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